Bob Posted November 17, 2010 Author Share Posted November 17, 2010 More later, incl a potential breakthrough in research on the 400-500 (?) partisans of the mongolian revolution (in process of obtaining source with bios of all partisans... those with a named doc will be lucky i think!) Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted November 18, 2010 Author Share Posted November 18, 2010 (edited) Group photo: Sodnomdarjaa with a group of officials and herders. Names of most people unknown, with the exception of the General sitting next to Sodnomdarjaa (on his left). The general is Lt. General Janchiv who was the Minister of the Military and Public Security Ministry mid 1950s. Sodnomdarjaa is second row, 3rd person from the left Edited November 18, 2010 by Bob Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted November 18, 2010 Author Share Posted November 18, 2010 Sodnomdarjaa (photo taken in 1935) with the first deputy Commander of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army 1st Commissar O. Dashchirav Looking again at this pic, it seems that Sodnomdarjaa had an "old style" Mongolian red banner... and then years later, he has a "new style" one. Confirmation that (similar to Soviet practice) there was a "return/replace" policy for old style orders? Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Vatjan Posted November 18, 2010 Share Posted November 18, 2010 Wonderful photos Bob. They add so much more to an already facinating order. Jan PS: I have a couple of partisan docs, so I am keenly looking forward to any info that might come to light. :whistle: Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted July 29, 2011 Author Share Posted July 29, 2011 Sodnomdarjaa is posing with comrades including the Deputy Commander of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army Sambuu to his right(circa mid 1930s). ' alt='' class='ipsImage' > ' alt='' class='ipsImage' > Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted July 29, 2011 Author Share Posted July 29, 2011 Two more pics: Sodnomdarjaa in 1930s and another one where he has rosettes beneath his orders (rarely found these rosettes unfortunately). Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted July 29, 2011 Author Share Posted July 29, 2011 and... Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Vatjan Posted July 30, 2011 Share Posted July 30, 2011 Great pictures, Bob. !!!! Jan Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Wild Card Posted August 1, 2011 Share Posted August 1, 2011 Absolutely incredible material! Congratulations and thank you for sharing it with us. :cheers: Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted February 13, 2014 Author Share Posted February 13, 2014 Also now decrees related to 2 Polar Stars which Sodnomdarjaa had been awarded with some more texture about his background. In 1948 he received a Polar Star for labour achievements as Director of the Military Cart Factory of Choibalsan province. This is Polar Star nr 1762 (which is not in my collection) In 1950 he received a Polar Star for 10 years of service in the Mongolian army (6299, also not in my collection). Suspect both were replacement Polar Stars mentioned in his orders book. =============================== DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE SMALL KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC July 8, 1950. # 78, Ulaanbaatar On awarding the officers of the People’s Revolutionary Army with Orders and Medals for long-service The Presidium of the State Small Khural decrees: In accordance with the Decree #16 dated March 16, 1947 and on the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the Mongolian People’s revolution, to award the officers of the Ministry of Defense with the orders and medals for more than 10 years irreproachable service for the army. One. The Order of the Red Banner of Combat Valor 296. Lieutenant colonel Dendev Tsegmid 297. Lieutenant colonel Sukhbaatar Gombojav 298. Lieutenant colonel Gomjav Balganjav 299. Lieutenant colonel Nasan Dendevdorj Two. The Order of the Combat Valor 301. Major Bayasgalan Luvsan-Ochir Three. The Order of the Polar Star 302. Senior lieutenant Gombosuren Nyam-Oidov 303. Senior lieutenant Avid Ayush 304. Lieutenant colonel Damdin Sodnomdarjaa 305. Lieutenant colonel Ochir Bizia 306. Major Chimed Nyamdorj 307. Major Luuzan Bavuudorj 308. Major Byambajav Batsukh 309. Major Oidov Choidog 310. Senior lieutenant Shoovodr Maam Four. Honorary Medal of Combat 311. Lieutenant colonel Dorj Damba 312. Junior Lieutenant Chimed Luvsandorj Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bumtsend Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Tsedev Secretary of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bayar ============================ DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE SMALL KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC June 2, 1948. # 28, Ulaanbaatar On awarding Sodnomdarjaa and Ishnyam of Cart Factory under Military Rear and Supply Department of the People’s Revolutionary Army for labor achievements The Presidium of the State Small Khural decrees: To award Director of the Military Cart Factory of Choibalsan province Damdin Sodnomdarjaa with the Order of the Polar Star. To award Section head of the same factory Dondog Ishnyam with the Honorary Medal of Labor. Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bumtsend Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Yanjmaa Secretary of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bayar Sodnomdarjaa PS 1.pdfSodnomdarjaa PS 2.pdf Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted February 13, 2014 Author Share Posted February 13, 2014 And here is also the decree related to a Mongolian Order of Red Banner of Labor Valor which Sodnomdarjaa also was awarded (serial nr 106 in 1946 - so a very early one). Interesting to note is that there is also reference being made to Suurin Baldan, of whom I have another group in my collection. ============================================================================================ DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE SMALL KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC July 6, 1946. # 47, Ulaanbaatar On awarding the privates, sergeants, officers and instructors of the People’s Revolutionary Army with Orders and Medals The Presidium of the State Small Khural decrees: On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Mongolian People’s revolution in recognition of feats performed for strengthening the defense might of the country and for defeating Japanese occupants, to award the orders and medals to the following individuals: One. The Order of the Red Banner of Combat Valor 1. Director of the Cavalry Department of the General Military College Sambuu Gongor 2. Major Banzar Purevjav 3. Major Sharkhuu Demberel 4. Director of the Military Hospital Zagdsuren Dugar 5. Commander of the platoon of division # … Sharav Dalai 6. Chief of Staff of regiment of division #... Yadamsuren Ashjav 7. Commander of the Livestock Supply unit Damdin Sodov 8. Commander of the Special regiment Tsevegdorj Chultem 9. Commander of the company of the same regiment Dagva Sedbazar Two. The Order of the Red Banner of Labor Valor Major General Suuri Baldan Director of Military Recreation Center Puntsag Togtokh Officer of the Department of the Army Rear and Supply Damba Baatar Chief of Division of the MoD Khand Nasanbuyan Chief of the Military Equipment Division of MoD Choinbol Gombosuren Director of Military factory Damdin Sodonomdarjaa Technician Nyam Laasag Technician Zana Saikhan Technician Dorj Jamts Officer of Military Recreation Center Nanzad Dendevdorj Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bumtsend Secretary of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bayar Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted February 13, 2014 Author Share Posted February 13, 2014 And finally here also a decree to Mongolian Order of Sukh Baatar (serial nr 86, awarded to him in 1955 for his birthday). Hoping to still get some info on his other SB awarded in 1951 (nr 48) ======================================== DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE GREAT KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC May 26, 1955 # 47, Ulaanbaatar On awarding partisan Damdin Sodnomdarjaa with the Order of Sukhbaatar The Presidium of the State Great Khural decrees: On the occasion of the 60th birthday and in recognition of his active participation in the people’s revolution and his socio-political efforts, to award partisan Damdin Sodnomdarjaa with the Order of Sukhbaatar. Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural Sambuu Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural Tsedev Secretary of the Presidium of the State Great Khural Sharav Presidium members: Yanjmaa, Nogoyo, Tumur-Ochir Sodnomdarjaa SB.pdf Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
fjcp Posted February 13, 2014 Share Posted February 13, 2014 Wonderful information you've been getting Bob... really amazing. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted February 13, 2014 Author Share Posted February 13, 2014 I can't take the credit for it. Just lucky. I like how on the last decree sodnomdarjaa is explicitly referred to as a partisan! Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted March 9, 2014 Author Share Posted March 9, 2014 (edited) And here's an amazing one to add... Ukaz regarding Sodnomdarjaa's Order of Combat Valor as part of a broader anniversary awarding to 1921 Partisans The fact that only 103 people made this list indicates what a rare group of individuals this was (and how rare the Partisan Badges probably are). And to add to this, Sukhbaatar Yanjmaa awarded the SB is widow of Sukhbaatar. She was also regarded as partisan. ================================================= http://gmic.co.uk/uploads/monthly_03_2014/post-679-0-48886700-1394363453.jpghttp://gmic.co.uk/uploads/monthly_03_2014/post-679-0-53557900-1394363476.jpg ================================================= DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE GREAT KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC July 5, 1956. # 78, Ulaanbaatar On awarding the partisans, who actively participated in 1921 People’s Revolution, with Orders and Medals of the Mongolian People’s Republic. The Presidium of the State Great Khural decrees: On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Mongolian People’s Revolution, to award the partisans who actively participated in 1921 People’s Revolution with the orders and medals of the Mongolian People’s Republic. One. The Order of Sukhbaatar 1. Sukhbaatar Yanjmaa Precinct #5, Sukhbaatar soum, Sukhbaatar aimag 2. Puntsag Togtokh Precinct #6, Bayanzurkh soum, Tuv aimag 3. Doorov Dashzeveg Precinct #10, Luus soum, Dundgobi aimag 4. Dorj Badarch Precinct #10, University district, Ulaanbaatar 5. Amar Myagmar Precinct #5, Bayanzurkh soum, Tuv aimag Two. The Order of the Red Banner of Combat Valor 1. Dechin Dendev Precinct #13, University district, Ulaanbaatar 2. Choijil Sandag Precinct #…, Uliastai district, Ulaanbaatar 3. Yuruult Mangaalam Precinct #10, Bayanchandmani soum, Tuv aimag 4.Sengee Tsevegmed Precinct #4, University district, Ulaanbaatar 5.Luvsan Sharav Precinct #11, Tarialan soum, Khuvsgul aimag 6. Choijil Gonchig Precinct #7, Amgalaanbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar 7. Perlei Dashnyam Aldarkhaan soum, Zavkhan aimag 8. Tseveg Luvsantseveg Precinct #3, Orhonshaamar soum, Selenge aimag Three. The Order of the Combat Valor 78. Namdag Jambal Precinct #6, Orhonshaamar soum, Selenge aimag 79. Dorj Jamts Precinct #4, Undur Ulaan soum, Arhangai aimag 80. Dash Uvgunhuu Precinct #4, Altanbulag soum, Selenge aimag 81. Jambal Tudev Precinct #1, Deren soum, Dundgobi aimag 82. Choidon Damchaa Precinct #8, Batsumber soum, Tuv aimag 83. Khandjav Banzarzeveg Precinct #3, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar 84. Aj Sanjaasuren Precinct #1, Naran soum, Zavhan aimag 85. Tunj Bat-Ochir Choibalsan town, Choibalsan aimag 86. Mend Lamjav Ulaanbaatar 87. Gonchigjav Tsend-Ayush Precinct #3, Batsumber soum, Tuv aimag 89. Sumya Dagva Precinct #8, Hutag-Undur soum, Bulgan aimag 90. Dorj Dendev Precinct #3, Orhonshaamar soum, Selenge aimag 91. Myatav Yarinbaatar Precinct #10, Bayanchandmani soum, Tuv aimag 92. Bayaryn Gendenbaldyr Precinct #1, Bayantsagaan soum, Tuv aimag 93. Anjilyn Yuruult Precinct #7, Khalkhgol soum, Choibalsan aimag 94. Ulzii Jadambaa Precinct #2, Zuunselbe district, Ulaanbaatar 95. Tseren Dagva Precinct #5, Batsumber district, Ulaanbaatar 96. Mandah Zagdbazar Precinct #2, Baruunselbe district, Ulaanbaatar 97. Yondon Luvsanperenlei Precinct #7, Baruunselbe district, Ulaanbaatar 98. Baljinyam Dashzeveg Jargalant soum, Zavkhan aimag 99. Damdin Sodnomdarjaa Precinct #8, Choibalsan town, Choibalsan aimag 100. Tseren Zagd Precinct #3, Batsumber soum, Tuv aimag 101. Tseren Jalbuu Precinct #2, Bulgan soum, Bulgan aimag 102. Vanchinsuren Luvsandanzan Precinct #3, Buyant soum, Khovd aimag 103. Mash Tsedev Precinct #3, Yuruu soum, Selenge aimag Edited March 9, 2014 by Bob Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted March 20, 2014 Author Share Posted March 20, 2014 Photo of Sodnomdarjaa, future marshal Demid, future Marshal Choibalsan and partisan Demberel. The photo was probably taken in 1931 after all four of these comrades were awarded the Soviet red banners. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted March 29, 2014 Author Share Posted March 29, 2014 Over on the Mongolia forum, I've posted a first piece of a bio on Sodnomdarjaa which I obtained from the 3 part book series with bio's on Mongolian Partisans. Hopefully I can get the Sodnomdarjaa chapter (4.5 pages) translated. It makes specific reference to Dambijantsan (who - literally - lost his head as a result of an assassination mission which included Sodnomdarjaa). Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted April 4, 2014 Author Share Posted April 4, 2014 Pic of Sodnomdarjaa addressing the participants of the first conference of Best Construction workers of MPR which took place in 1958. Sodnomdarjaa was invited to give a speech as a partisan. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted May 24, 2014 Author Share Posted May 24, 2014 A link to the partisan badge section on the Mongolia forum - a very interesting addition added there, the bio of Sodnomdarjaa from the Partisan book of biographies http://gmic.co.uk/index.php/topic/4519-mongolian-partisan-badge/page-10 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted May 24, 2014 Author Share Posted May 24, 2014 And here a link to Mongolian Wikipedia with an article on Dambijantsan, killed by a secret mission which Sodnomdarjaa was on. http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD It also links on to English, Chinese, Russian etc. versions of the same page. Thanks so much to a forum friend who made me aware of this! It includes (!) a picture of Dambijantsan's severed head (!) which was taken away as proof and apparently found it's way to the Kunstkammer of the Hermitage in St Petersburg, Russia. Some of the points from Wikipedia: Dambiijantsan's settlement called Maajinsag was situated near Mongol-Chinese border (currently in China). It was a walled settlement and Dambijantsan's ger was heavily guarded. Dambijantsan himself was very suspicious man and never trusted his people. Besides few trusted bodyguards, he did not allow his troops to be permanently armed as he was afraid of coups and assassinations. So he used to distribute weapons to his men when he needed and later take them back and keep the weapons in a warehouse. So that's why his people could not resist few Mongolians when they killed their leader. This detail is not provided in Sodnomdarjaa's memoirs. Mongolian soldiers decided to invite him to their ger and kill him there because it was impossible to do that in his quarters. He had it well guarded and fenced. You can see his fenced ger on the left bottom of the picture attached (I'll post this later). The historical sources say that the Mongolians had to stay in his settlement and gradually gain Dambijantsan's trust. For that they used references of his close friends in Mongolia and have been giving him presents. Sodnomdarjaa, being a soldier, probably did not know about this then and he recited what he knew then in his memoirs without adding details that he learnt later. Damiijantsan had a very tumultuous life. He was born and raised in Astrahan, Russia. He is a Kalmyk by nationality. He traveled a lot and could surprise people with his knowledge of other nations. He has been in Tibet, China and other countries. Some historians that visited Mongolian give some description of him in their works. He was in Mongolia before the October Revolution and fought with Mongolians against Kazakhs. After sometime, he was arrested and taken to Russia where he was exiled to Siberia and later allowed to stay in Astrahan. There he met the October revolution and he was free to come back to Mongolia. He formed a group of bandits and accumulated wealth by robbing traders leaving China for Mongolia and Russia. He had ambitions to create his own state in Western Mongolia which the new People's Government did not like. He was also engaged in propaganda among Mongolians to flee Mongolia and stay in his estate. Probably he was hoping to set up a state in Xingiang. He was well renowned for his cruelty. He used to bless his flag with a heart of man and skin the body of a human. Probably he used this to frighten his enemies and his followers. He was also very good at spreading rumors. He spread a rumor that he is immortal and he is invincible to bullets. After he was killed, his head was taken to Uliastai and put on public display and later to UB. His head ended up in Russia in 1920s and it is believed that it is in one of St. Petersburg's Museums. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted May 24, 2014 Author Share Posted May 24, 2014 And here a picture explaining the operation on eliminating Dambiijantsan. It contains photos of people (incl. Sodnomdarjaa) who took part in the special operation. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted May 26, 2014 Author Share Posted May 26, 2014 Here is a translation of the decree which, among others, awarded Sodnomdarjaa a Mongolian Honorary Medal of Combat in 1941 =========================== July 10, 1941 Additional decree of the Presidium of State Small Khural of the Mongolian People’s Republic (#44) On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of great people’s revolution, to award: The partisans of 1921 People’s revolution for outstanding feats and contributions for cause of founding our People’s Republic and revolutionary government. The commanders, commissars and soldiers of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army for feats and efforts directed at protecting the sovereignty and independence of our Motherland. The herders, employees and workers of plants, factories, trade, education and cultural organizations for labor feats and achievements directed at strengthening and developing national economy and agriculture. The Presidium of State Small Khural of the Mongolian People’s Republic decrees to award: One. The Order of the Red Banner of Military Valor A native of Dariganga soum of Dornod province Biziya Jlhaa for courage and bravery displayed during the battles against Japanese invaders in 1939. Partisan Batnasan Sengeravdan, a native of of Bagh #2, Altanbulag town, Selenge province Four. The Honorary Medal of Combat Partisan Damdin Sodnomdarjaa, native of Dornod (Eastern) province Partisan Gendenjav Banzarjav, resident of Ulaanbaatar Partisan Sambuu Damdin, Resident of Sub-district #3, Ulaanbaatar Partisan Rentsen Namsrai, resident of Ulaanbaatar Partisan Sanjaa Yondon, a native of of Bagh #2, Altanbulag town, Selenge province Partisan Hayan Dashinyam, a native of of Bagh #2, Sukhbaatar town, Selenge province Partisan Jantsan Jamsran, a native of of Bagh #3, Sukhbaatar town, Selenge province Partisan Damnai Namsrai, a native of of Bagh #1, Bayangol county, Selenge province Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted September 14, 2014 Author Share Posted September 14, 2014 Here a translated copy of the ukaz pages on awarding the Mongolians including Sodnomdarjaa with the state award (in his case, his first Sukhbaatar Order awarded in 1951). The ukaz had many pages since it was issued on the 30th anniversary of the People's Revolution. =================== DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE STATE GREAT KHURAL OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC October 17, 1951. # 17, Ulaanbaatar On awarding the employees of Party organization, government agencies, factories, agricultural entities, education, culture and scientific organizations with the Orders and Medals. The Presidium of the State Great Khural decrees: On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Mongolian People’s revolution, to award the employees for their labor achievements in the field of production, agriculture, science, culture, education and arts with the orders and medals. The Presidium of the State Great Khural The Order of Sukhbaatar 1. Dashiin Tsedev Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural The Order of the Red Banner of Labor Valor 2. Altangereliin Bayar Secretary of the Presidium of the State Great Khural The Order of the Polar Star 3. Luvsangiin Tseveendorj Driver The Honorary Medal of Labor 686. Chogdov Namdag Director of Education Division of Sukhbaatar province 687. Ulziihutag Tsend Chairman of Asgat County 688. Baljiryn Chultem Director of Registry Division of Sukhbaatar province 689. Tseren Bazarsad Water Technician at Agricultural Division 690. Bandi Lopil Inspector at Provincial Education Division 691. Nyam Shagdar Chairman of Dariganga County 692. Nyampuntsag Mangaa Former Secretary of Hongor County 693. Bayarah Ulziihutag Chairman of Zotol County 694. Gunchin Ish-Ravjaa Head of the Auto transportation relay point 695. Sereeter Baatar Director of the Cooperative of Daringanga County 696. Orolbai Choijamts Worker, Ulziit County 697. Pureviin Javzan Worker, Urt County CHOIBALSAN PROVINCE The Order of Sukhbaatar 698. Damdin Sodnomdarjaa Director of Cart Factory The Order of Military Valor 699. Shagdar Huvtsagaan First Deputy Director of Cart Factory 700. Tunin Bat-Ochir Partisan The Order of the Red Banner of Labor Valor 701. Sandagsuren Balgan First Secretary of Provincial Party Committee 702. Gongor Genden Fur Expert at the Provincial storage center Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bumtsend Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Tsedev Secretary of the Presidium of the State Small Khural Bayar Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted September 14, 2014 Author Share Posted September 14, 2014 And here info on his Order of Red Banner of Combat Valor. Ukaz wasn't found but rather a record of all awardees that was kept updated by the Presidium of State Small Khural of MPR until early 1939. Interestingly, the record has individual photos and some additional information on the awardees. There are many photos of people who got purged in 1937 and later. For some reason they did not remove them. Translated is the part pertaining to Sodnomdarjaa and his 1931 ORBCV. Note also the reference in the documentation to multiple awardings. Registry of awardees compiled by Presidium of State Small Khural of the Mongolian People’s Republic (1926-1939) # 272 273 274 Full Name of the awardee Yadamyn Jamyandorj Damdin Sodnomdarjaa Onolt Tuvdendorj Age 33 45 38 Social Status Herder Herder Herder Gender Male Male Male Residence Address Arhangai province, Tsahir county, Bagh#3 Dornod province, Bayanmunh county, Bagh#8 Arhangai province, Undursant county, Bagh#1 Ethnicity Halha Halha Halha Occupation Unemployed Bag governor in Ereentsav county, Dornod province Unemployed Order of the Red Banner of Combat Valor 1 1 1 2nd award - - - 3rd award - - - 4th award - - - Order of Industrial Valor - - - Order of the Polar Star - - - Date of the award 22.08.1932 13.08.1931 27.01.1933 Photo Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Bob Posted September 15, 2014 Author Share Posted September 15, 2014 A very interesting photograph now. Taken in 1952, during Choibalsan's funeral ceremony in UB. Right to left on the front row: - Member of Politburo Damba - Tsedenbal - Widow of Choibalsan - Choibalsans son and daughter (probably a book can be written about them too... I wonder where they are now) - Chairman Bumtsend - Party Secretary Surenjav - and Sodnomdarjaa! Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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