Dfifer

The only thing missing on the last picture is the bullet casing and slug. Go to: https://asiamedals.info/threads/bullet-case-on-a-horseshoe-commemorative-paperweights.26592/#post-358563 If the link doesn't work, please refer to the Medals of Asia website (https://asiamedals.info/) and search for Horseshoe. Enjoy

You are correct, it can only be searched in 3 month increments. During the war, Korea issued about 20,000+ military awards per year. But in 1954, the first full year after the armistice, Korea issued 70,000+. So Korean War medals can be anywhere from 1950 to 1954. In 1955, Korean Orders of Military Merit dropped to 8,000. One American Medal of Honor winner, who was killed during the war, did not get his Korean Award until 1954. I tried searching for the Korean term for New Zealand 뉴질랜드, but nothing came up. If and when I can find some time, I will try to figure out how they are listed. If you can provide one or more award dates, it would help to figure it out. Don

The Korean government has put their medal roll online, 1948 to present. It is located at https://www.sanghun.go.kr/nation/participation/sangopen/sangInfoOpen.do It is entirely in Korean and unfortunately, you cannot access it in English. You can submit dates (ie. 1951-01-01) and search for all entries from one particular date to another. There is a maximum of three months for any one search, but you can make multiple searches. There are two major problems with the database. 1. All awards cited use the current award names, so if you have an Order of Military Merit, 1st Class, it will be listed as a Taeguk Medal. 2. Non-Korean names have been transliterated into Korean, so transliterating the names back into the English is hit or miss, mostly miss. If anyone is having issues, let me know. You can contact me through my website, www.Koreanmedals.com. Enjoy Don Pfeifer

Sorry, I'm a little to the party. This is one of those medals that has been driving me crazy for more than twenty years. I am now retired and have the time to do better and more thorough research. I have also learned a thing or two about the nuances in dealing with the internet in Korean. The “Patriotic Youth Association” is a youth association, and it is a somewhat accurate translation of 청우회. If you plug 청우회 into google, you will get a ton of youth organizations, none of which, as far as I can determine, are connected to the medal. The actual name on the medal is “Cheong Woo Hoe” 청우회 (晴雨會). This translates as Rain (or) Shine Association. Meant to be used in a manner similar to the U.S. Post Office unofficial motto, “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds”. The association was made up of former members of numerous patriotic youth organizations that existed before and during the Korean War. Its purpose was to remember and commemorate the history of the anti-communist struggle and those 17,274 youths who had perished in that struggle. In 1969, they erected a memorial monument on Namsan (South Mountain) in Seoul. The date that is on the medal, Oct. 11, 1963, is the date on which the “Cheong Woo Hoe” was founded. You can see more information on this medal on my Koreanmedals.com website, under Republic of Korea/Non-governmental Medals. Sorry I couldn't make the party earlier. Don BTW, I forgot to mention, Park Chung Hee donated money to create the Memorial Monument on Namsan. And, I am speculating, that since most of Namsan is protected government property, he probably helped to clear a few hurdles along the way.

Korea became a protectorate of Japan with the signing of the Japanese–Korea Treaty of 1905; thereafter, Japan ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. On July 23, 1909, the Korean Government issued Imperial Ordinance #67, by which all matters concerning the Red Cross Society were transferred to the Red Cross Society of Japan. The 1905 Imperial Rescripts concerning the creation of the Red Cross Hospital and Society were formally annulled. On Dec. 10, 1910, after Japan’s forced annexation of Korea, the Korean Red Cross become a chapter of the Japanese Red Cross. It was claimed to be necessary because the Principles of the International Red Cross Movement only allows for one national society to be set up in a country. In other words, the Japanese Red Cross was in Korea from 1910 until Aug. 15th, 1945. To date, I have never seen a Red Cross medal from this time period that references Chosŏn 조선 (朝鮮) (Korea). BTW, I forgot to mention. The ribbon is from the Korean Empire “Crown Prince Wedding Commemorative Medal " 皇太子 嘉禮 記念章 (황태자 가례 기념장)

The comment above about the line indicating the DMZ is, in my opinion, not correct. If you look in the upper right hand corner, you will see another line. These indicate the borders of China and Russia. These lines do show up in the original Korean legislation and may or may not indicate the difference between a Korean and Non-Korean manufacturer.

If anyone is interested, I started a new Korean Medals Website at https://koreanmedals.com/ Earthlink stopped giving free website and started charging. It is still under construction, so please be patient.

Sorry to have been out of touch for so long. Work is driving me crazy. As to miniature medals. Some Korean Orders and medals are available as miniature medals Yak Jang 약장. Korean law requires miniature Medals to be ½ of their normal size, and current law expressly prohibits miniaturizing Orders that are normally worn on a sash or cravat. During the 1950s, most Korea Orders and Medals were breast medals. Miniatures from this time period can be found, but starting in the early 60s, Sashes and Cravats were added to the higher classes. Current legislation also prohibits the wearing of full sized Orders on a sash or cravat while wearing miniature medals of the lower classes. In general, only the 4th and 5th classes of an Order, Merit Medals and Ki Jang can be miniaturized. Because of these prohibitions, miniature medals are rarely found after the 1950s. High ranking officials want to wear their most prestigious Orders at formal events, so miniatures are not needed. All that being said, there is a caveat - There are situations where diplomats and high ranking military officers need to wear miniatures in order to conform with the other attendees of an event, and in these situations, miniatures are known to exist even though they violate the legal codes. (The Korean phrase “Yak Jang” 약장 is also used for "Ribbon Bar".) As soon as I get a little time, I will dig out my Korean miniature collection and post some pictures.

I think I can be of some help. This ribbon group belongs to a Police Officer. 1st row (L to R) Minister of Home Affairs Commendation Police Commissioner General's Commendation 10 Year Long Service Medal 2nd row (L to R) 20 Year Long Service Medal United Nations Medal Red Cross Medal (Missing Red Cross Attachment) 3rd row (L to R) 1980 Overcoming National Crisis Medal 1984 Pope John Paul II visit to Korea 1985 IBRD IMF Annual Conference in Seoul 4th row (L to R) 1986 Asian Games Service Medal 1988 Olympic Service Medal 1988 Paralympic Service Medal I hope I have been of some assistance. Don Pfeifer

There is no problem with calling this medal the "Korean War Service Medal", the "ROKWSM", the "Crossed Bullets Medal", or to use the Korean term the "6.25 Incident Participation Medal". In fact on my webpage, if you look at Yi Ki-Poong's 1951 letter to the Commander in Chief. In the first paragraph, he calls it the "War Service Medal". As the title of my webpage states, "The real story behind the Republic of Korea's War Service Medal, or more precisely, the Republic of Korea's 6.25 Incident Participation Medal". My problem is with all of the "Purported Facts" that are floating around the internet, some of which have unfortunately crept into this website. You commonly find: "In 1951, President Syngman Rhee ordered that the Incident Participation Medal be renamed as the War Service Medal and further authorized the decoration to any troops who were defending South Korea against invasion. In 1954, the South Korean government authorized the now called Korean War Service Medal to all United Nations troops who had fought in the Korean War between the dates of June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953." As you see from my webpage, Syngman Rhee never ordered the medal to be renamed, and that the medal was offered to all United Nations troops on Nov. 15th, 1951. In none of the Korean Presidential Decrees regarding this medal, does it lay out the basic requirements for earning the medal. That was left up to the Ministry of Defense. I have made several attempts to correct the Wikipedia entry (and others), but to no avail. I put my webpage together to try, in some small way, to clear up some of the BS, that is so common. (I even put a link to my webpage on Wikipedia, only to have it removed. I am assuming that the truth hurts.) And there is also the problem with phony award documents that show up from time to time. As you saw from my webpage, I show one which references Presidential Decree #390, but shows the Crossed Bullets style of the Korean War Service Medal. In putting the webpage together, I took great pains to make sure that anyone who doubts the information that I present, can do the research themselves. And in that regard, I gave them all of the basic information needed to pursue it. In the pursuit of my own research, I only need two things to really complete the story. 1st: Another search of NARA (or the Korean National Archives) to see if the 4th page of Yi Ki-poongs letter exists showing the design of the medal, and, 2nd: to gain access to the Korean Ministry of Defense and see what information they have in their records. One small comment that I should add. Koreans have a great tendency to call historical events by the date in which it happened or first started. The Protectorate Treaty of 1905, the Independence Demonstration of 1919, the Military Coup of Park Chung Hee, etc. are all referenced in Korean by the date. Two quick examples, the Japanese Invasion of Korea (1592-98) is simply called the Imjin War. (Imjin being 1592 in the Chinese 60 year calendar system). The Annexation Treaty of 1910 is known in Korea as the Coerced Treaty, but it is also commonly referred to as "The humiliation of the Nation in the Year of the Dog." I hope I have clarified my earlier comments regarding the misinformation that seems to have crept into this website.

A little off the beaten path, but there was a post in regards to the the Korean War Service Medal also known as the ROKWSM. The internet is full of misinformation on this medal and now I see that some of this misinformation has crept into this website. If anyone is interested, I have posted a web page which gives the full story on the ROKWSM with all of the support documents that I have been able to find. If anyone is interested you can find the information at http://home.earthlink.net/~kwsm/ I hope it is of some interest to the members. Sincerely, Don Pfeifer

I have been collecting and researching Korean Orders, Medals and Decorations since '93. As far as I know, the Koreans have never posted any information on the numbers of medals issued to specific countries. In 1983 the Korean Ministry of Government Information, published "Decorations Overview". On Page 255, there is one little reference to 209,555 Orders being issued for the Korean War, but there are no specifics. Just for general information, there were three different design series of the Order of Military Merit issued during the War. The first official design was issued beginning in Oct. 1950. The second design was first issued in May, 1951. The third and final design was issued from Aug. 1951 until 1958. Only the third design series carries the class names of Taeguk, Ulchi, Chungmu and Hwarang. To confuse the situation a little more, I know of one American KMAG Officer who was decorated by the Koreans. For that single action, and due to the confusion inherent in all wars, he received the ribbon bar (from the 1st design Series), then a couple of months later, he received his medal (from the 2nd Series), and then less than a month later, he was given a replacement medal, for reasons unknown (from the 3 series). Now the question arises, was he counted 1, 2 or 3 times. Another piece to add to the confusion. Well after the war ended, the Koreans issued Medals for actions that in some cases had happened years earlier. PFC Walter C. Monegan Jr. (USMC) is a good example. He was killed in Sept. 1950 and received the Medal of Honor. In April, 1954, he was decorated by the Korean Government with the Order of Military Merit, Hwarang with Gold Star. One last little bit of confusion. Between the start of the war on June 25th and October 1950, the Koreans issued a substitute medal, since there was no officially sanctioned Order of Military Merit. For reasons unknown, they continued to issue this substitute medal until at least January of 1951, well after the 1st design series was officially authorized. As far as I have been able to determine, all of these substitute medals went to high ranking American Officers (MacArthur, Walker, Struble, Stratemeyer, et al.). In 1999, I was in Korea and saw some of the original Decoration logbooks used during the war. I do not know if all the logbooks are still in existence. But if they are, and if someone had the time and expertise, a full list could be generated. It would not be an easy task. During the war, the Koreans were using a lot of Chinese Characters in their documents, and many of the foreign names were written phonetically in Korean. I hope in someway, this is of some help to you. Sincerely, Don Pfeifer

I think I can shed a little light on the subject. This is the Korean War Service Medal, type 1, only if the reverse is blank as was authorized by Korean Presidential Decree #390 on October 24, 1950. (I have been referring to the Type 1 medals with the English reverse as Type 1a.) Within a very short period of time, the Koreans realized that they could not afford to produce a million or more KWSMs in enamel. They redesigned the medal to the crossed bullets design (Type 2). The Type 2 medals were issued in large quantities long before Presidential Decree #892, dated April 14, 1954, which effectively authorized the change. There is also a controversy over the name. Usually referred to as the Korean War Service Medal, the actual Korean name for this medal is "6.25 Incident Participation Medal". The Koreans reissued the crossed bullets medal in large guantities for the 50th Anniversary of the War. If you look at the box, it clearly says in English "Korean War Service Medal", but if you do a word for word translation of the Korean text, you get "6.25 Incident Participation Medal". The titles are one and the same, but there are dozens of websites which state that the medal was renamed in 1954, it wasn't. As far as I can tell, the Type 1 and 1a medals were only issued to the Greeks. What is interesting is that the Greeks refer to the Type 1 and Type 1a medals as the Korean War Campaign Medal and they refer to the crossed bullets medal as the KWSM. I have seen Greek groups with both medals. I suspect that either the Koreans or the Greeks themselves had the Type 1a medals made, so that everyone would receive one. Several years ago, I was in contact with a Greek Korean War Veteran who told me that Greeks serving either early in the War or late in the War did not receive the Type 1 Medals. I have attached a photo of my Greek group with the only Type 1 medal that I have ever seen. I also have an example of a Type 1a in my collection. There is a considerable difference in weight and construction. I have copies of all the original Korean legislation including Presidential Decree #390 which has a drawing of the Type 1 medal, as well as copies of Ki Poong Lee's original offer of the medal to all United Nations Forces serving in Korea. I hope that I have been of some help.

The Order of Military Merit was used for both Korean and foreign troops. During the Korean War the OMM was issued as both a combat and a noncombat decoration. The Original OMM was in four classes with only a number for each class. Late in 1950, each class was divided into three grades with the Gold Star, Silver Star and No Star attachment system, effectively giving a 12 class system. The designs for the planchets were changed in April, 1951 and a few months later, each class was given a name: Taeguk, Ulchi, Chungmu and Hwarang. In 1963, a fifth class was created and the star system was dropped. I hope this is of some help.

Order of Cultural Merit President Class (2nd Class) 1963 Series In 1967, the Order of Cultural Merit ceased to exist. The names for the three classes were given to the Order of National Foundation. In 1973, the Order of Cultural Merit was reinstated in 5 classes

For the moment, to keep it simple, without the breast star, they are the 1958 series, with the breast star, they are the 1962 series. Visually, the planchet designs are identical for both series as well as the ribbons, but there were dimensional changes.

Now you know why I have been working on a South Korean ODM book for 15 years. To tell you the truth, you have a fair representation of the South Korean Orders but there is a lot more. - Don

Order of National Foundation 1962 Tanjang Class (3rd Class)

Order of National Foundation 1962 Junjang Class (1st Class)

I think this is a 2nd class. This style and ribbon color are correct for the 1958 revision. A breast star was added in 1962 and then completely redesigned in 1967.

I think this is the 2nd Class breast star. A breast star was added to the 1st Class in 1958. Then in 1962, breast stars were added to the 2nd and 3rd Class. I would need to see the reverse of this breast star to confirm, but the Korean legislation strongly indicates that this is a 2nd Class.

The Order of National Foundation Merit was the very first Order created by the Republic of Korea. Its primary purpose was to honor those individuals, both living and dead, who fought against Japanese imperialism from 1895 until Aug. 15, 1945. Its secondary purpose was to honor those individuals who helped to maintain the survival of the Republic of Korea. This would include recipients such as Douglas MacArthur and Harry S Truman. In 1967, there were major changes made to the Order. The name of the Order was shortened. The three Classes were renamed. The pendants were completely redesigned and the ribbons colors were changed to deep blue with dark blue stripes. In 1971, a new Presidential Decree was issued which changed the ribbon colors to red with yellow stripes. In 1990, this Order was changed five classes. With the opening of normal diplomatic relations with Communist China and Russia, the Korea Patriots and Veterans Affairs Administration has been able to more closely study the anti-Japanese movement in those countries. Here is a quick list of the number of recipients in recent years. This is only for the Order and does not include the National Foundation Merit Medal nor the National Foundation Presidential Citation. 1990 3,622 1991 1,112 1992 135 1993 169 1994 26 1995 1,073 1996 198 1997 49 1998 118 1999 112 2000 102 2001 84 2002 126 2003 142 2004 41 2005 225

According to the Koreans, there was a total of 60 Orders of the Plum Blossom issued, not counting those issued to the Royal Family. 1902 ? 2 1904 ? 5 1905 ? 6 1906 ? 6 1907 ? 10 1908 ? 16 1909 ? 4 1910 ? 11

Grand Order of Mugunhwa Issued from 1949 to 1967. The pendant is described as 87mm by 82mm with the Mugunghwa flower being 58mm across and the Taeguk symbol having a diameter of 10mm. The Order is made of gold with silver being used to accent the Mugunghwa flowers along the length of the chain. The flowers on the chain represent each of the provinces and the cities of Seoul and Pusan which have provincial statue. Minor variations are known to exist. The other style issued after 1967 has been changed several times. Today the Gold version is issued in either a male or a female size for Heads of State, while the Silver version is issued in either a male or a female size for the spouses of Heads of State.

Hugh, I have another name and answer for you. National Merited Persons Medal Awarded to A patriot awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation, the National Foundation Merit Medal, or the President's Commendation for National Foundation, in appreciation of meritorious deeds performed in the Independence Movement against the Japanese colonial rule.A veteran who was killed or who was disabled in a combat action, such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, during military training, or in the performance of their duty.A person who was awarded the Order of Military Merit, or National Security Merit, in appreciation of exceptional efforts to protect national security in war or in peacetime.A veteran, who had been living in Japan, and who, volunteered and participated in, the Korean War between Jun. 25, 1950 and July 27, 1953.A person who participated in and was killed or died or was disabled in the revolution that occurred around Apr. 19, 1960, or who was awarded the National Foundation Medal.A person who was disabled in the line of duty while serving in a national or local government office.A person who is determined to have been killed or wounded during the performance of distinguished service or someone who is determined to have been a special contributor to national and social development. Special determinations for this type of compensation are to be made at a cabinet council meeting.A policeman who was killed, died, or was disabled in combat, or during military training, or in the performance of his duty, and is retired from the service. This special dispensation is made for policemen who performed the same duties as servicemen during wartime. The MPVA considers such policemen to be veterans.Instuted in 1986 and discontinued in 2002.