Rusty Greaves

Here is a photo of another miniature of a Republic of Egypt Order of Independence (Nisah al-Istiklal). I illustrated one miniature of this award on April 25 in this thread and Owain has previously illustrated 2 examples (in this thread on 12 December, 2017; 2nd photo, the 2 medals on the left), all of these showing with slight differences in their configurations. This example is from Buy Military Medals/Stephen Wheeler Medals (https://buymilitarymedals.com/collections/egypt/products/miniature-egypt-order-of-merit-officer) and is identified incorrectly as an Order of Merit, and as the Officer class of this miniature. The silver galon indicates this is the 3rd Class of this award. No dimensions or manufacturer are identified for this medal. Unlike the miniature I illustrated on April 25, the silver rays are not colored green on this miniature, similar to the minis Owain has on his 12 December 2017 point (also note the full-sized example Owain illustrated here on April 25 that also has the uncolored silver rays). Owain mentioned the 2 variants with dark red & bright red enamel on the rays that alternate with the silver rays. It seems that some versions of this badge do have green coloration of the silver rays (see 4th photo showing a full-sized award that appears to have green rays - in addition to the incorrect configuration of the gold rays over the silver rather than the red enameled rays - in my post on this thread of April 25), some are just silver, and the tarnish on some examples makes it hard to tell whether there is coloring of these rays. What does anyone know about this design variation?

Here are 2 recent updates about this medal:

Here is another example of the silver Parquet judges' badge from a recent auction on eMedals. This badge is identified as 113 mm high X 85 mm wide, and made by Froment-Meurice of Paris. There is no maker's mark on the reverse of the badge, but the case clearly identifies Froment-Meurice on the inside of the cover. The example below with damage to the central legend is from a recent offering on Lundin Antiques also is silver, measured as 112 X 85 mm, but interestingly is identified as coming from the courts in Alexandria. As a silver badge, it probably derives from the Parquet as well (http://www.lundinantique.com/medals.html) .

The portrait of King Farouk I on the medal commemorating the termination of the mixed courts in 1949 shown above, is the model of for a portrait on another medal issued in 1950 under Fuad I celebrating the 25th anniversary of Fuad I University (1925-1950). The university was founded in 1908 and know as the Egyptian University until 1940. It was named Fuad I University (until 1952) in his honor, since it became a public institution under his reign in 1925. Currently, it is known as Cairo University. This commemorative medal adds a bust portrait of Fuad I behind and to the right of Farouk I. The illustrated example is from current eBay auction (https://www.ebay.com/itm/EGYPT-KING-FUAD-FAROUK-MEDAL-25TH-ANNIVERSARY-OF-FOUAD-UNIVERSITY-1950-RARE/222970807446?hash=item33ea188496%3Ag%3AQXwAAOSw3ydVyhKg&_pgn=4&_nkw=egypt+medal&rt=nc) that identifies the manufacturer as Bichay and adds the name "M. Farag" as another manufacturer (does that name mean anything to more knowledgable folks or is this a confoundingg of some aspect of the inscription?). An example of this bronze medal on Worthpoint (https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1925-1950-king-fouad-farouk-bronze-403321281) identifies the manufacturer as solely Maison Bichay, it gives the diameter as 60 mm (same as the eBay listing) and weight of 77.6 g. No "STB" hallmark is visible on any photos I've seen of this medal. Obverse of the King Fuad I and Farouk I medal commemorating the 25 yr jubilee of Fuad I University (now Cairo University) in 1950 showing the same bust portrait of Farouk I as in the 1949 medal commemorating the closing of the Mixed Courts made by Bichay. Reverse of the university anniversary commemorative medial.

Above are two high resolution images of an Abbas Hilmi II medal commemorating his coronation and return from Hejaz that is currently being auctioned on eBay with and estimate price of $4,950 (https://www.ebay.com/itm/RARE-OTTOMAN-EGYPT-MEDAL-ISLAMIC-ABBAS-HILMI-II-CORONATION-RETURN-FROM-HEDJAZ-/312177603567#viTabs_0). The photograph of the obverse shows the signature of "MASSONNET. EDIT." in the lower left of the portrait very clearly. Perhaps the Arabic on the reverse is easier to read than on the other images I have posted. If anyone would be willing to look the inscription over, there were a few aspects that Egyptian Zogist could not make out, as he states in his post on this thread of August 28, 2017. This example is identified as being in its original case. The name of the company in Cairo is very difficult to read in the photos, the seller was unable to suggested any reading and it is unclear if there is any identifying inscription on the inside of the case. The Arabic inscription on the case also is probably very difficult to read. The 2 images below show the lid of the case for this medal. I don't know if anyone more familiar with other medal makers can help determine the name of the company in Cairo on this lid? Given the information from Catherine Bichay on this medal, I thought an original case might clearly identify Maison Bichay as the manufacturer. The owner may have some doubts about this being the original case. He also said he has previously handled an example of this medal with an original case and that the case was unmarked.

Here are two images from a story in the Daily Mail (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1190738/Obama-gets-bling--form-Saudi-Arabias-highest-honour.html) of Barack Obama being awarded the King Abdul Aziz Chain of the Order of Merit on June 2, 2009 by King Abdullah. The first image is not high resolution but shows the large case for this award to heads of state. The second image shows President Obama removing the Chain and provides some detail of the chain (but see the link above on my May 2 entry to Antonio Prieto's post).

Here are 2 additional contrasting forms of miniatures of the Kingdom of Egypt Order of the Nile from an upcoming auction (lot 743) on The Saleroom for Spink & Son website (https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/spink/catalogue-id-srspi10178/lot-4ae690bd-4161-49c5-a4fa-a9140126190b). The Officer 4th Class medal (R) is identified as measuring 35 mm tall (including the crown suspension device) X 20 mm wide. The example on the left measures 26 mm (including the crown suspension device) X 15 mm. Materials identified as gold, silver-gilt and enamel. The significant variety of miniature forms of the Order of the Nile seems to be associated with the wide distribution of this award. This can be readily appreciated through the full-sized medal's common appearance in a range of historical portrait photographs of Egyptians and foreigners, as well as documents listing Khedivate Order of the Nile honors.

Thanks for your input on this! Would that be a reason for the quality difference compared with other Bichay medals?

Here is an image of Michael Hansson, a Norwegian judge appointed to the Egyptian Mixed Courts in Mansourah 1906. He became the president of the Court of Appeals in Alexandria in 1927, and held that position until the end of his tenure on the courts in 1931. He later served on several international arbitration commissions and on the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Hansson accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938 and delivered the acceptance speech to the Nobel Committee on behalf of the Nansen International Office for Refugees (associated with the history if the UN High Commissioner for Refugees), where he was president from 1936-38. Among his other honors were the Grand Cordon Class of the Order of Ismail and Order of the Nile. This photo of Judge Hansson shows him in 1912 as a judge on the Mixed Courts in Mansourah. He wears the fez, long tunic, sash (unpleated, indicating it is not that of the Appeals Court, but they were seated in Alexandria), and judicial badge of office. I cannot determine if Hansson's initial appointment was to the District Courts or the Parquet. Jasper Brinton's 1931 book on the Mixed Courts mentions only one Norwegian who served on the Parquet by 1930, but does not name him (although Brinton does discuss some of Hansson's judicial work). In this photo, it is unclear whether the badge is silver (Parquet) or silver & gold (District Courts). Just this week I received a higher quality print of Judge Crabitès 1911 portrait as a judge of the District Courts (shown as a lower resolution scan in my first post in this thread) that does show the gold contrast with the silver of that badge design in a black & white image approximately contemporaneous with this image of Judge Hansson (and that contrast can be seen in the image on my first post here). The above photo of Hansson may suggest a central stripe of a different color and fabric from the margins, as seen in the color image of the first photo in my post of April 27, and possibly in the portrait of Judge Gennaropoulo, in the final photo in my post of 24 March, 2017. I suspect this portrait of Judge Hansson may show him in the regalia of the Parquet. (https://nbl.snl.no/Michael_Hansson); (Michael Hansson av Ukjent/NTB Scanpix ※. Gjengitt med tillatelse)

Here is a better resolution version of the photographs portrait of Abbas Hilmi II that appears to be the primary basis for the portrait bust on the Abbas Hilmi II commemorative medal for his coronation anniversary and return from Hegaz. This image, and the one I included on April 28, are the only two versions of this portrait I have so far found on the internet. This is identified as a 1910 portrait of the Khedive, the year he returned from his pilgrimage and the year of his coronation anniversary, made by the studio Atelier Reiser, of Alexandria & Cairo. This version of the image comes from the AMAR Arab Music Archiving & Research website, for podcast #20 of August 1, 2013 playing examples of music associated with Abbas Hilmi Pasha, both during his reign and well after he was deposed due to ongoing anti-British sentiments in Egypt. (http://www.amar-foundation.org/020-khedive-abbas-ḥilmi-ii/). The signature on the lower left is that of Abbas Hilmi II.

Below is an Egyptian medal commemorating the termination of the Mixed Courts in October 1949 (they were initially established in October of 1875), and the unification of the Egyptian Court system. I have a couple questions about signatures & hallmarks on these medals. The first example from Sixbid.com/Stephen Album Rare Coins may be silver, see the hallmarks on the reverse below. All 3 examples have a signature under the R shoulder of the obverse Farouk I bust, and I wonder if anyone knows who this may identify as the medallist? The signature appears to be similar to that on the Egyptian 1955 five pound coin showing Tutankhamun riding in a chariot with a drawn bow (underneath the forequarters of the horse), also on the 3rd & 5th Anniversary of the Revolution 1 pound Egyptian coin, and is a design very similar to that on the Republic of Egypt Military Medal of Courage (lacking this signature on the obverse). The 2 examples from eBay are bronze, they lack the hallmarks seen on the Sixbid.com/Stephen Album Rare Coins medal, and the eBay listing identifies the "STB" signature, seen on all 3 medals on the inferior of the reverse to the R of "MIXTE", as that of Tewfik Bichay. Is that a signature Bichay used? The engraving of this medal seems much less fine than any other Bichay commemorative pieces I have seen. This 1949 medal from an auction taking place on 18 May, 2018 on Sixbid.com/Stephen Album Rare Coins (lot 1776) shows King Farouk I on the obverse and the inscription of the commemoration of the end of the Mixed Courts and judicial symbols. I am unclear what the symbolism of the R side of the design may be that is overlapping with the scales of justice? The medal is identified as 42 mm in diameter weighting 32.27 g, no material is identified, but note the hallmarks on the inferior margin of the reverse to the L of "MIXTE" suggesting this is a silver medal. (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=4785&category=141394&lot=3944922) Two of these medals are offered on a current eBay listing by egynotes_74. Both are identified as 43 mm in diameter, variably weighing 27.27 (shown above) and 27.32 g. Both of these eBay medals are identified as bronze and lack any hallmarks seen on the silver example above. The example shown above is supposedly identified as being the work of Tewfik Bichay because of the "STB" hallmark on the inferior portion of the reverse. (https://www.ebay.ie/itm/EGYPT-BRONZE-MEDAL-OF-KING-FAROUK-1949-MIXTE-NE-EXTREMELY-RARE/222926942423?hash=item33e77b30d7:g:X1kAAMXQyY1TV6cB) - this example is shown above & (https://www.ebay.ie/itm/EGYPT-BRONZE-MEDAL-OF-KING-FAROUK-1949-MIXTE-EXTREMELY-RARE/222944960504?hash=item33e88e1ff8:g:afAAAOxyoA1RSx18) Incidentally, the 4th photo in my April 27 post on this thread showing Youssef Zulficar Pasha talking with Aly Maher Pasha, also is of interest to my research on the Mixed Courts. Zulficar was a judge on the Mixed Courts beginning in 1926 and became vice President of the Alexandria Court of Appeals. In addition to being father of Queen Farida of Egypt (married to King Farouk I), Zulficar married Zainab Sa'id, the daughter of former Prime Minister Muhammad Sa'id Pasha, and she was the sister of the influential modernist artist Mahmud Sa'id (who painted the portrait of the President of the Appeals Court, Jasper Brinton, shown in my post on this thread of 1 December, 2016). As I've noted elsewhere in this thread, Mahmud Sai'd also was a judge on the Mixed Courts. Although Mahmud Sa'id is currently quite well-known for his paintings that can command high auction prices, he was never a professional artist, his work on the Mixed Courts was his profession. At least one of my posts incorrectly says he only served on the courts for a short time. Sa'id joined the Mixed Courts in 1922 as an Assistant Judge, he then served as a Judge on the District Courts of Mansourah in 1927, and in Alexandria from 1937 until resigning in 1947 at age 50. Youssef Zulficar is controversial for his sympathies with the Axis powers during the early potion of WWII, making several communications with the Germans regarding King Farouk's potential interest in alliance with the Axis, and delivering one communique about the upcoming British & Soviet invasion of Iran, while serving as the Egyptian Ambassador to Iran (1939-41). Zulfikar was initially opposed to his daughter's marriage to Farouk, and later drew Farouk I's ire by discussing the marriage and 1948 divorce following the King's abdication.

Chris & 922F-I agree - look at Ed Haynes' post: and Antonio Prieto's post here:

A nice high resolution image of the Grand Cordon Class of the Order of Ismail from Künker Münzauktionen und Goldhandel showing both obverse & reverse in one graphic. Hallmark of Tewfik Bichay (https://www.kuenker.de/en/archiv/stueck/58396)

Here is an image of Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, Chief of the Diwan and Chamberlain to King Farouk I, wearing the Order of Ismail. He is obviously violating the convention that Owain mentions of limiting the medals worn on any occasion to 4 on his March 12, 2018 post in this thread discussing precedence in how they are worn. Although Owain states that is a UK practice, it seems that Egyptian royalty at least did often adhere to displaying a limited set of medals for official appearances or portraits. In contrast, Ahmed Hussanein Pasha is sporting at least 10 medals, in addition to a sash with badge (which appears to be the Egyptian Order of Muhammed Ali), and at least 8 smaller medals. The Order of Ismail is prominently visible in a comparable position to that shown in the official portrait photo of Farouk I on 13 November, 2017 in this thread and in the birthday photo of Fouad II posted here on 12 March and on 22 April, 2018. Photo of Ahmed Hassanein Pasha (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Ahmad_Hasnein.jpg)

I have an update on Massonnet Editeur, some additional information about this commemorative medal, and comparative info on other Abbas HIlmi medals in the thread on this topic in the Middle East & Arab States section:

Gentlemen, I have found some additional information about the medallist Massonnet and a have a few other observations about this Abbas Hilm II commemorative medal. Massonnet represents a family of medal designers and die engravers in Paris who designed a range medals, primarily European commemorative and art medals. The earliest references I can find to the company is an 1855, copper 10-sided medal measuring 26 mm in Diameter, medal, the reverse has C. Massonnet et Fils. identified with their full "Éditeur de Médailles Imperials... " title & street address in Paris as the entire reverse "design", catalogued at the (Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris) website. Frequencies of "Massonnnet Edit" work can be identified by their appearance on numismatic auction listings of dated commemorative medals. The Abbas Hilmi II medal was probably designed/engraved by one of the sons of Charles Massonnet, the likely founder of this somewhat prolific but minimally documented family. The presence of certain photographic documentation of this medal with Catherine Bichay in Canada, suggests that the design/dies were provided to Maison Tewfik Bichay in Cairo and they cast the medals. There is only minimal mention of Massonet in Leonard Forrer's immensely encyclopedic tomes: Forrer, L. (Compiler), Biographical Dictionary of Medallists: Coin-, Gem-, Seal Engravers, Mint Masters &c., Ancient and Modern, with References to Their Works, B.C. 500 - A.D. 1900. Spink & Son. London. Published in 6 main volumes and 2 supplemental volumes between 1904 and 1930, at various addresses across that period. Information about Massonnet is mentioned once in Vol III (Pg. 603) and once in the supplemental volume VIII (pg. 33). The Massonnet name is associated with the signature "Massonnet Edit", and they were known as Massonnet Éditeur de Médailles Impériales, Massonnet Éditeur (designer/engraver) médailleur (medal maker), and made prize medals, royal commemoratives, badges, tickets, etc. engraved by various artists. Interestingly, very few Kingdom of Egypt medals were made by Massonnet. None of the best-known Abbas Hilmi II medals were designed by them. The Abbas Hilmi II commemorative medal (67 mm in diameter) for the International Import & Export, Suez Competition, in gilt bronze, c 1892 (the year he began ruling at age 18) is signed "SJ", probably Stefano Jonhnson of Milan. (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1655&category=34440&lot=1484705) The Abbas Hilmi II 1895 bronze commemorative medal (67 mm in diameter) celebrating the International Exposition of Progress also is signed "SJ", probably Stefano Jonhnson of Milan. (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1655&category=34440&lot=1484706) Both of the above medals appear to have used this photographic image of the young Abbas Hilmi II Pasha as the model for his bust on the obverse. On the medals, his mustaches have been given some added heft to make him look more authoritatively older. (http://lcivelekoglu.blogspot.com/2013/12/tarihten-bugune-dusen-notlar-20-aralik.html) The Abbas Hilmi II commemorative medal of 1897 in silver, 70 mm in diameter, issued for the Dedication of the National Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo was designed by Séraphin Emil Vernier, of Paris. He was a sculptor, metal worker, engraver, and medallist. Interestingly, at least to me as an archaeologist with a familial connection to a Judge in Cairo, one of the French houses he made jewelry for was Froment-Meurice in 1882-85. They and other French & Egyptian jewelers manufactured the beautiful, large, & heavy Judges' badges for the Mixed Courts and Native Courts of Egypt (see my thread "Egypt Khedive Judge's Badge question" started 17 November, 2016, in the Middle East & Arab States section). Vernier was sent to Egypt by the French government in 1896-97 to study Ancient Egyptian jewelry. Vernier's signature appears on many Egyptian commemorative medals, in addition to his large body of important European médailleur work. (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1655&category=34440&lot=1484707) The Abbas Hilmi II medal commemorating the 1st Congress of Medicine in Cairo on the 19-24th of December, 1902 in silver is unsigned (unless there is engraving on the rim), but is not the work of Massonnet Edit. Obverse=above, reverse=below. (http://www.ebay.com/itm/like/323207911226?vectorid=229466&item=323207911226&rmvSB=true) The 1869 Ismail Pasha medal commemorating the Opening of the Suez Canal, cast in white metal, 50 mm in diameter, is the only other Egyptian medal I have found so far that was made by Massonnet Edit. This particular medal appears to have been designed or engraved by C. Trotin, a fairly prolific medallist, for Massonnet. Trotin's signature ("C. TROTIN") appears on the inferior of the obverse (L). Massonnet's signature ("MASSONNET EDITEUR") is on the inferior of the reverse (R). (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1655&category=34440&lot=1484698) https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=2277&category=45886&lot=1928365) The portrait of Abbas Hilmi Pasha on the medal commemorating the anniversary of his coronation and return from Hejaz is quite different from the first two medals illustrated above. It does not appear to be solely based on any one photograph, at least not the best-known of Abbas Hilmi II. The details of his uniform closely match the following portrait of Abbas Hilmi I, including the chest medals. Details of the proportions and perspective of his fez are identical between the photo and the medal. Perhaps because His Highness the Khedive of Egypt, Abbas Hilmi Pasha is a low resolution image, some facial aspects of the bust do not seem to match. However, there is significant similarity in the facial outline, perhaps in eyebrow shape & definition, but the medal bust does not appear to be completely adapted from this portrait photo shown below. The bust may be modeled or modified partly from one of the other most-used portraits of Abbas Hilmi Pasha. There is a chance that other photos were used for the modeling of his facial features on the medal (which exhibits slightly more scowl in the eyebrows, narrower eyes than in the two portraits I'm illustrating, thinness & height of the face of the face compared to this portrait, differences in the chin and jowls). All of that could be my imagination, or the médailleur using artistic license to make Abbas Himi II look more imposing, or the difficulty in changing 2-D art into a 3-D low-relief sculpture? Certainly, the more centered chin dimple also suggests some idealizing was done to any extant portrait images. As an archaeologist, I well know that Pharaohs & Queens of Ancient Egypt almost all (really, except 1) idealized their own public images in all available media. There is no suggestion that Abbas Hilmi did life-posing for the portrait, although that is possible (the stern expression of the eyebrows and narrower eyes might suggest exposure to more than the available photos, unless it is purely artistic improvement and not mostly political design strategy). Compared to the other official Abbas Hilmi II medals, this commemorative medal is only about the Khedive's personal achievements. The design of the new bust for this very handsome medal might have merited some form of a sitting, or brief observation by the Massonnet Edit artist. Portrait of Abbas Hilmi Pasha with uniform and fez matching details on the commemorative medal for the anniversary of his coronation and return from Hejaz. Several aspects of the face also match the medal's bust, such as the outline of the face, prominence of the cheekbones, nose shape, perhaps the eyebrow configuration. However it seems to differ in the height of the face, narrowness of the eyes, details of the jowls, and curl of the mustaches. (https://www.huzursayfasi.com/biyografi-sayfasi/9223-abbas-hilmi-pasa-kimdir-s1.html) Probably the most commonly duplicated photo portrait of Abbas Hilmi II used for a wide quality range of cards, hand-colored single & composite images, newspaper illustrations, etc. during the Khedive's lifetime. Possibly a 1911 image. (https://www.periodpaper.com/collections/antique-vintage-art/products/1911-print-egyptian-khedive-abbas-il-hilmi-bey-sudan-military-uniform-portrait-168464-xgjc9-036) An example of the above portrait use in a hand-colored card. (http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--UtYF3QtK8U/UJ_zVJ2JcaI/AAAAAAAAaQw/wmHc-BVA4yg/s1600/544691_487730171259309_364027293_n.jpg) I am still unsure of the date for the manufacture of this medal? As you may see if you look at past threads, Egyptian Zogist evaluated the low resolution images of the inscription on the reverse, and after he re-calculated his dates wrote in his post on this thread of 28, August 2016 that 1328 AH (1910) AD) was associated with the coronation anniversary, and 1327 AH (1909) with the Khedive's return from Hegaz. See Egyptian Zogist's post for other cool details on these dates. These are confirmed as dates for the Hajj from skimming document & photograph entries in the Univ of Durham Catalogue of the Abbas Hilmi II Papers online listings. The catalogue identified photos from his pilgrimage dating to 1909, possibly lasting into 1910. It is further confirmed through dated memories an Egyptian colleague consulted recently. His great grand uncle was Ahmed Chafik Pasha, Chief of the Khedivial Cabinet at the time, he wrote that the Khedive's departure for the Hegaz was in Dec 1909. Abbas Hilmi II's enthronement anniversary was 8 Jan 1910. His return to Egypt was on 25 Jan, 1910. I can further explore this with the Durham Univ Abbas Hilmi Papers. I can't link to documents in the Catalogue, and it is a very large archive (19 meters long & in 9 languages), but it is indexed in useful detail. Many photo descriptions in the Catalogue identify locations and dates along the Khedive's Hajj. However, I still do not know when this medal was made? How did Tewfik Bichay articulate with Massonnet Éditeur médailleur? That's enough for right now. As a complement, and a compliment, to Egyptian Zogist for the Cairo Punch cartoon supplied on 5 November 2016 in my initial thread on this medal in the Africa section (see http://gmic.co.uk/topic/69654-help-with-egyptian-khedive-medal/?do=findComment&comment=643578) showing Abbas Hilmi arriving in Al-Madina, I am including another Cairo Punch cartoon below. Cartoon from Cairo Punch showing Abbas Hilmi (identified at the head of the pilgrims with the stamped words THE KHEDIVE) leading the sa'i ceremony in Mecca. The British Museum identifies this images as dating to 1910. Can "No. 62 Third Year" in the top left corner of the cartoon border be associated with a volume or date for The Cairo Punch? (https://blog.britishmuseum.org/hajj-pilgrimage-to-mecca/)

I found a fun image of the Mixed Courts' Judges' badge embossed in gold on the front cover of one of the definitive volumes about the Mixed Courts that went through 3 printings between 1930 and 1968: Brinton, Jasper Yeates, 1931 (revised edition). The Mixed Courts of Egypt. Yale University Press, New Haven (Oxford Univ press, London, Humphrey Milford). I know this embossed badge graphic is not stamped on the 1968 2nd edition, but don't know if also was embossed on the 1930 printing. I had not seen this lovely publishing touch until I took off the fragile dust jacket.

I came cross an interesting picture on Pinterest of regalia for the Mixed Courts recently, it still raises several questions I have not yet resolved in my research. This photo from what I believe is a Turkish website shows a silver version of the judge's badge for the Mixed Courts. As I have noted, the silver form of this badge was used in the Parquet (the office of the Procurer-General), technically called the Ministère Public that included judges (seated magistrates), prosecutors, a range of roles that would be considered analogous in the United States to US Attorneys or District or State Attorneys. This particular example was made by Froment Meurice. The illustrated sash is green and red, matching the few descriptions I have encountered for judges of the Parquet, and also providing good detail on the metallic gold border & fringe. However, the only description I have found of the the Parquet sash described it as having a superior green stripe over red, maybe it means "green over red" but not implying an upward-oriented green stripe. Obviously this example has a central green stripe surrounded by 2 red stripes. The one photo I have seen of a Parquet judge, in black & white, may show this configuration of a central stripe of different color than two possible border stripes (photo of Judge Gennaropoulo, in the final photo in my post of 24 March, 2017 in this thread), even though I initially interpreted it as a green stripe above red. The above example appears to be a single type of fabric, but either with hindsight or influenced imagination, it appears there may be fabric differences in the portrait of Judge Gennaropoulo suggesting a configuration like that in the koleksiyonerim.blogspot image above. The crescent and 3 stars, are probably silver. I have not seen these devices used in the few illustrations of judges on the Appeals Court (the painted portrait of Appeals Court Judge and President Jasper Brinton in my post of 1 December, 2016; and probably the 4 photos in my post of 27 October, 2017); the District Courts (2nd image provided in Egyptian Zogist's post of 23 November 2016 in this thread that is a painted portrait of an unidentified judge; the 1911 photo of Judge Crabitès in my first post of 17, November 2016 in this thread); nor the Parquet (photo of Judge Gennaropoulo, in the final photo in my post of 24 March, 2017). I have seen the crescent and stars worn with sashes of unidentified men who are supposedly Egyptian judges who are not wearing the large Mixed Courts' badges (see below). These forms of judges badges may also have been worn by judges working in the Native Courts (see my post of 6 November, 2017 in this thread). The tip from Egyptian Zogist of 4 November, 2017 identified an auction sale of a gold judge's badge used by a British member of the Native Courts, identical to that worn by judges of the Appeals Court of the Mixed (Intenational) Courts. So the Native Courts may also have had judges using gold & silver badges (as did the International District Courts) and silver badges (as did the members of the International Parquet). I wonder if the gentlemen identified as "judges" in the photos below, and using the crescent & star devices on their sashes, are another form of legal official, or worked in lower courts, outside of the Mixed Courts or Native Courts? I still have no idea how the crescent & stars are associated regalia with the sash and large judges badge in this photo. The associated description for this images is: "Hidiv Adalet Nişanı: Fransa'nın meşhur kuyumcu ustası Froment-Meurice tarafından yapılmıştır. Mısıra görevlendirilerek giden Türk Adalet yetkililerine hizmetlerinden dolayı takılmıştır. Eser Abdülaziz Döneminde 1850-1876 tarihleri arasına tarihlenmektedir. Eserin ön yüzünde, bir taç altıda ışıldayan bir yıldız, orta kaidenin içinde ise " El adlü asaü'l mülk" yani "Adalet mülkün temelidir" ibaresi, arka yüzünde ise sanatçısı Froment Meurice damgası yer almaktadır." (Pinterest: http://koleksiyonerim.blogspot.com/2013/01/osmanli-donemi-nisan-ve-madalyalari-1.html) Photo on an eBay auction with the identification "Egypt old vintage photo of judge with scarf" showing the use of a sash (monochrome?), the crescent and there stars. The crescent & stars appear comparable in size to those in the Pinterest image. The two men on each side of him have been dodged out of the print to make it a single portrait. The dodging did not eliminate the traces of a sash on the man to the viewers L, who may have been similarly attired. (https://www.ebay.com/itm/EGYPT-OLD-VINTAGE-PHOTOGRAPH-Judge-with-the-scarf/273105393192?hash=item3f96599628:g:z7YAAOSw2LlapUOW) Photo of a man identified as Egyptian judge during the Khedivirate. He is wearing a Crescent with 6 of the smaller stars comparable to those in the eBay image and to those in the Pinterest image with the addition of one larger star on a pleated sash, as seen only for the Appeals Court of th International Mixed Courts. The studio image is from Photo-Ramses, le Caire. (http://picssr.com/photos/kelisli/interesting/page21?nsid=7892156@N08). Modern Egyptian judges shown during a more general pro-democracy demonstration in March, 2006 supporting legal protection for judicial independence (from the baheyya.blogspot http://baheyya.blogspot.com/2006/03/spring.html) wearing green, pleated sashes with metallic gold border & fringe, showing the use of 3 comparabley-sized stars and the Republic's Eagle of Saladin instead of the Ottoman Crescent. This photos show the judges in green, pleated sashes (the Supreme Judicial Council) standing in front of judges in red, unpleated sashes (as also shown in the illustration on my post of 1, November, 2017in this thread), suggesting the retention of costume similarity and precedence in the modern judiciary inherited from the Mixed Court practices. (http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3388/941/1600/IMG_2412.jpg)

In relation to my post of April 22, I have a couple photos of the individuals who discussed Judge Crabitès' return to Egypt in correspondence I quoted in that post. Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, who conveyed King Farouk I's enthusiasm for Crabitès' impending return to Cairo in 1942, was Chief of the Diwan and Chamberlain to King Farouk I. http://picssr.com/search/ahmed+hassanein+pasha http://picssr.com/search/ahmed+hassanein+pasha Aly Maher Pasha, who wrote to Crabitès in 1938, 2 years after left the Egyptian bar, telling him that King Farouk I wished to send him a map of Africa realized under orders of Khedive Ismail, was Prime Minister in 1936, and from 1939-1940, and again in 1952. King Farouk I (L) with his Prime Minister Aly Maher (R) (http://picssr.com/search/aly+maher+pasha) Aly Maher (R) talking with Youssef Zulificar Pasha (father of Queen Farida)

Indeed, I have strayed from miniatures, let's get small... Here is an example of a miniature of the Kingdom of Egyptian Medal for Devotion to Duty. Ed Haynes has a thorough discussion of the award and and high resolution images of the 1st Class (gold) miniature medal on a post of 25 January, 2007, in the thread "Arab Medals - Egypt" he started on 12 January, 2007, here in the Middle East & Arab States section (http://gmic.co.uk/topic/20809-arab-medals-egypt/?do=findComment&comment=143010). The medal I illustrate below appears to be lower resolution images of the same medal on Ed Haynes' post. Owain illustrated the obverse of a silver (2nd Class) miniature of this medal on 11 December, 2017 in this thread (bottom row, 3rd medal from L), and the reverse of that miniature on 12 December (bottom row, 3rd medal from L). Owain also illustrated the obverse of another silver mini of the Medal for Devotion to Duty from a Spink auction on 16 February in this thread (lower row, 2nd from L). miniature of the 1st Class (gold) Medal for Devotion to Duty showing the blue ribbon color (http://picssr.com/photos/kelisli/interesting/page171?nsid=7892156@N08). Obverse of this same miniature of the 1st Class (gold) Medal for Devotion to Duty (http://picssr.com/photos/kelisli/interesting/page163?nsid=7892156@N08). Reverse of this miniature of the 1st Class (gold) Medal for Devotion to Duty (http://picssr.com/photos/kelisli/interesting/page163?nsid=7892156@N08). Here is an image of a miniature of the Khedive's Sudan Medal, 1910 in silver (also awarded in bronze). Obverse is on the L and reverse is on the R. (http://picssr.com/photos/kelisli/interesting/page63?nsid=7892156@N08) Because the resolution of the image above is not good, here is an illustration from a Player's Cigarettes Card that shows the reverse detail well, and has a short description of the medal. (https://www.pinterest.com/offsite/?token=770-659&url=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2F78%2F95%2Fed%2F7895edbc6bb45e66543093224b8445fb.jpg&pin=7881368070921510&client_tracking_params=CwABAAAADDk5NTc1OTE3ODA0MwA~0). Ed Haynes also has high resolution images of the obverse & reverse of the full-sized bronze medal of this award (identifying it as being issued from 1910-1917) in his post of 6 July, 2007 on the thread "Arab Medals - Egypt" he started on 12 January, 2007, here in the Middle East & Arab States section (http://gmic.co.uk/topic/20809-arab-medals-egypt/?do=findComment&comment=189652). And yet another miniature Order of the Nile, identified as the Grand Officer Class, with correct galon for the 2nd Class. However, the galon orientation appears to be incorrect (gold on R, silver on L) on the above example. Owain's illustration of 2 April also shows a 2nd class with galon, but with the gold on the L and silver on the R, which is the correct orientation. The miniature Order of the Nile I illustrated on my first post of 2 April has the galon of the 3rd Class, Comander, all silver (or blanc). All of the other miniatues of the Order of the Nile illustrated in this thread with rosettes lack any galon, indicating they are the configuration of the 4th Class Officer award. Obverse =https://www.flickr.com/photos/kelisli/3051549274; Reverse=https://www.flickr.com/photos/kelisli/3051549296/in/photostream/

I recently came a cross a medal commemorating the life of one of the judges on the Egyptian International Courts, Dr. Manuel Monteiro. He was educated in archaeology, ethnology, and was a historian of Romanesque art in Portugal, later completing his law studies. He was a Portuguese appointee to the Egyptian District Courts, serving much of his time in Alexandria. He was originally commissioned to the District Courts of Mansourah in 1916. The obverse identifies a date of 1921 which is when he was transferred to the Courts in Alexandria. He was appointed as the Vice-President of the District Courts in Alexandria in 1930, and left the Courts in Egypt in 1940 as WW II loomed and returned to Portugal. Manuel Jaoquim Rodrigues Monteiro also was involved in liberal politics in Portugal prior to assuming his position in Egypt. After 1940 he devoted most of his time to his interests as an art historian and scholar of cultural heritage. Obverse of the Dr. Manuel Monteiro commemorative medal, designed by João da Silva in 1955. (https://www.ebay.com/itm/EGYPT-ALEXANDRIA-JUDGE-OF-INTERNATIONAL-COURT-1921-DR-MANUEL-MONTEIRO/202278118157?hash=item2f18b7230d:g:l7YAAOSwkLhZ54pB) Reverse of the same medal on a recent eBay auction. Peripherally related to this thread on regalia of the Egyptian Mixed Courts, the only numismatic reference I've found related specifically to a judge on those courts, and associated with my own field of archaeology.

Owain, do you know why the central inscription on the reverse of the Republic era Medal for Merit is calligraphically the same as on the obverse of the Order of Independence of the Republic? You illustrated the obverse of 2 miniatures of the Medal for Merit in you post of 13 December, 2017 showing a 1st Class (gold, 3rd from left) and a 2nd Class (silver, 4th from left). Good illustrations of all 3 classes of the 1984-present Type 4 versions of this medal are shown on the Medals of the World website (http://www.medals.org.uk/egypt/egypt-republic/egypt-republic018.htm). Reverse of the Republic of Egypt Medal for Merit, identified as from 1954 (If so, then Type 1), from a recent auction listing on eBay. Compared with the Medals of the World illustrations, the eagle suspension device appears to have been attached backwards in this photo, or twisted (the eBay illustration of the obverse shows some deformation of the hole under the eagle's tail and the link does not appear attached in either image). (https://www.ebay.ca/itm/1954-Egypt-Military-Merit-Order-Badge-Medal-Wisam-Nichan-Sash-Solid-Silver/222945666193?_trksid=p2485497.m4902.l9144)

Owain, thanks for your information. So there are 5 classes, not 3 as many sources list? I'm grateful for your description of the bright red & dark red variations in the arms on the embellishment. I wasn't sure if some of the photos I looked at showed something like that or just color differences in how the photos were taken/processed. Here's an attempt to present the Fuchs hallmark form my last post in correct orientation-I feel really dumb about this- Fuchs hallmark on L from the La Galerie Numsmatique 1st Class full-sized medal (https://www.coins-la-galerie-numismatique.com/auction-xxix/order-independence-republic-egypt). Fuchs hallmark on R from Sixbid.com/La Galerie Numismatique full-sized 3rd Class neck badge (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1845&category=37879&lot=1613256) An example from the falera-et-orbis website has this engraving on the reverse of the full-sized chest star of the 1st Class award (https://www.falera-et-orbis.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=241). The reverse of the 1st Class full-sized sash badge on the falera-et-orbis website shows the same reverse engraving (https://www.falera-et-orbis.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=241)

Here is a photo of a miniature of the Egyptian Order of Independence of the Republic (Nisah al-Istiklal). Owain has (of course) previously illustrated 2 examples with slightly different configurations in his post on this thread of 12 December, 2017 (2nd photo, the 2 medals on the left). This example is identified as the "5th Class, Knight's award", although most sources I've seen only identify 3 classes. The dimension are given as 17 mm wide X 24 mm high, partially silver gilt with enamel. From Sixdbid.com/La Galerie Numismatique (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=4662&category=133592&lot=3837429). Both of Owain's illustrated miniature examples from 12 December, 2017 each show different execution from each other and from this example. The leftmost example in his photo with a rosette on the ribbon has a galon indicating a 2nd Class award. For comparison, below are a few examples of the the full-sized medals for this Order. image of a Grand Cross Class sash badge of the Order of Independence of the Republic from La Galerie Numismatique. Dimensions are 64 mm wide X 84 mm high (inclusive of the eagle suspension device). Silver, partially gilt, and enameled. (https://www.coins-la-galerie-numismatique.com/auction-xxix/order-independence-republic-egypt) Chest star of the same Grand Cross Class set of the Order of Independence of the Republic from La Galerie Numismatique (apparently with some slippage of the silver embellishment for problematic orientation on this medal). The star measures 73 mm in diameter, silver gilt and enamel. (https://www.coins-la-galerie-numismatique.com/auction-xxix/order-independence-republic-egypt) Example of the neck badge of the 3rd Class Commander version of the Order of Independence of the Republic from falera-e-orbis.com (https://www.falera-et-orbis.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=147). No dimensions given for this medal, however, other examples identified as 3rd Class medals from from Sixbid.com/La Galerie Numismatique give the dimensions as 56 mm wide X 80 mm high (https://www.sixbid.com/browse.html?auction=1845&category=37879&lot=1613256) or from La Galeri Numismatique as 63 mm wide X 93 mm high (https://www.coins-la-galerie-numismatique.com/auction-xxvii/order-independence-republic-egypt-0). The positioning of the gold rays of the medal over the silver rather than red enameled rays on the embellishment appears to be an incorrect configuration on this piece. This hallmark is shown in several internet examples of the full-sized medal for the 1st & 3rd Classes. Please forgive me if my ignorance of Arabic has let me illustrate this incorrectly, the orientation of photographs of the hallmarks are highly variable, even in this one it is shown two different ways (https://www.coins-la-galerie-numismatique.com/auction-xxix/order-independence-republic-egypt). Sixbid.com illustrates a Tewfik Bichy hallmark for a Grand Cross set from a Katz Coins Notes and Supplies auction, as does eMedals for a Grand Cross set and a probable 2nd Class set.

Below is a photograph identified as the Grand Officer Class miniature of the Egyptian Order of the Republic (Type II, unspecified variant of the post-1958 designs). Owain has illustrated a miniature of this medal here in this thread on 12 December, 2017, that is a Type II post-1958 design (see discussion below) and may have some greater detail in its execution compared with this medal (2nd photo, 4th medal from the right, with a green, white & red colored ribbon). That example shows at least 2 divisions in the blue enameled frame of the central medallion, possibly some differences in the length of the enameled arms compared with the rays of the embellishment star below, and has the Republic's eagle on the suspension device. Owain's example has slightly different ribbon colors from the correct colors illustrated below. From: the Liveauctioneers website, an auction listing of 23 November, 2013, Lot 0214. It is identified as silver gilt, 17 mm in diameter, with original suspension ring, ribbon, & rosette with galon exhibiting gold on L and silver on R, correct for the Grand Officer Class. Manufacturer is not specified. The design indicates this is a miniature for one of the later versions of the Order of the Republic award (see descriptions of the full-sized medals below). (https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/21114502_order-of-the-republic) Below are a few examples of the full-sized Order of the Republic award to show design differences from the miniature. For comparison, here is a full-sized example of the GrandCordon (1st Class ) Order of the Republic in its earliest Type I form (1953-1958) with one of the five arms oriented to the top, light blue enamel on the arms, and an arabesques suspension device. Made by Tewfik Bichay. From eMedals, identified as c.1953, the sash badge measures 62 mm wide X 79 mm high. the chest star measures 92 mm wide X 93 mm high. (https://www.emedals.com/egypt-republic-an-order-of-the-republic-1st-class-grand-cordon-c-1953) Picture of 1st Class breast star of the Order of the Republic, Type II form, from eMedals. Made by Tewfik Bichay, measures 79 mm X 79 mm in diameter. Note that one of the five arms is no longer oriented at the top the medal, the dark blue enamel on the arms, and the eagle suspension device. This design is identified as covering 1958-1971. The Eagle of Saladin used during the UAR period (1958-1961) and 10 years following has 2 green stars in the central white enamel stripe. The sash badge (and neck badge) has the same form of the Eagle of Saladin with 2 stars, but is a solid casting with no enamel. (https://www.emedals.com/an-early-egyptian-order-of-the-republic-1958-1971-w1756) Image of 1st Class Order of the Republic full-sized sash badge (R) and chest star (L) from eMedals. Made by Fahmy Tewfik Bichay, the sash badge measures 63 mm wide X 83.5 mm high and the chest badge measures 79.5 mm wide X 84.5 mm high. This is identified as the 1971/72 - present form of the design. It is nearly identical to the previous Type II example except for a few differences in the form of the Eagle of Saladin suspension device: the form of the eagle compared with the earlier example (or is this the Hawk of Quraish used in the Egyptian coat of arms 1972-84?, but also facing the viewer's left), the lack of the 2 stars in the central white enamel stripe in the shield on the eagle from the UAR period (and then until 1971?), and a slightly longer legend under the eagle bearing the name of the state "Arab Republic of Egypt" as on the shorter version of this scroll on the 1958-71 period. There is no enamel on the shield on the eagle for the sash (or neck) badges. (https://www.emedals.com/the-egyptian-order-of-the-republic-grand-cross-set-w1759) Full-sized examples of an interesting variant of the Order of the Republic also can be seen on the thread "An Egyptian Unit Award: The Military Order of the Republic", started by ChrisW on 27 January, 2017 here in the Middle East & Arab States section. In that thread, ChrisW describes & illustrates a variant of the Order of Republic awarded to military units, issued in a single class, that is identical in form with the 1st Class of the individual award (except for a 5-pointed star on the lower portion of the medal). ChrisW also provides several useful details on this award. His example of the Military Order of the Republic is a Type II example, with dark blue enamel on the arms and a post-1971 Eagle of Saladin suspension device. Owain illustrates an earlier version of this same award (Type I) in his post of 8 April, 2017 on that thread, which has the light blue enamel on the arms and an arabesques as the suspension device. Aslo see the thread "Egypt Order of Republic" started by Markus on 18 January, 2011 here in the Middle East & Arab States section for additional information on the full-sized awards.