oamotme

Paul / Xtender, I am assuming that unlike the British system of marking silver and gold the Austrian system does not have a date mark? I attach images of the medal I have which is clearly related to / part of this award. No makers mark though. Kind regards, Owain

Dear Xtender, A similar piece, if not this one, was offered for sale in recent years by Kuenker. The Arabic reads as "Al Kawkab Al Ahmer Al Arabi" which could translate as "The Arab Red Star". I am of the belief, from a little research and some supposition, the arms are that of the Khedive of Egypt and I believe that the order and a medal was instituted by Khedive Abbas Hilmi, possibly after his deposition by the British in 1912, whereupon he went into exile in Constantinople. As the breast star was manufactured by Rothe in Vienna I suspect that the Constantinople post-1912 theory has some substance, as the Ottomans were in league with the central powers. Regrettably I have no documentary evidence to support my theory. Kind regards, Owain

Paul, Yes, this is the 2nd Class medal - there may indeed be a 3rd Class in bronze but not sure. The 800 silver mark may indicate it was made by BOMISA of Italy, but again no 100% evidence. The ribbon I believe is a lightish blue with a narrow red stripe inset from both edges. The suspension is correct and poorly made - ditto the Egyptian series. Regards, owain

Gentlemen, This is the Decoration of Military Duty, 1969, of the Libyan Arab Republic - modelled on the Egyptian medal. Many of the early medals of the Republic were modelled on the Egyptian series of military awards. Regards, Owain

Good afternoon from Riyadh, Is the neck badge an Orthodox patriarchal award? The two Greek letters "P" could stand for Peter & Paul - thus the Order of Saints Peter & Paul - an award of one of the Orthodox rites of Egypt / Greece / Syria? The star may be related - the crude workmanship in both instances would suggest local Middle Eastern origin. Of course I may be completely wrong! Owain

Gentlemen, The DNW auction on 29 March had a royal Rafidain breast star - Lot 1027 - est. GBP150/200 - hammer GBP380 .....good to fair price. Owain.

Dear Troy, This is the 3rd Class of the Military Duty Medal instituted in 1962. The ribbon for this class should be brown with two thin yellow stripes inset from both edges. Usually manufactured by Spink of London or Bertoni of Milan. Kind regards, Owain

James, Very many thanks indeed for this post. You have done us all a great service in correcting the Burke entry - it just goes to show that once in print fiction can become fact. Again thank you. However as a medallic tail to this saga I was going through some of my paper records and came across an old Foreman of Piccadilly catalogue of January 1986: Lot WM235 Tunisia Order of Nichan Iftikhar (Order of Glory) Grand Cross Sash Badge and Breast Star, Silver & Enamel, Rare Type in the name of King Rechad (Presently in Exile) Very Rare EF GBP325. Notwithstanding the fact that this is a completely spurious issue of the order, this is the first example I have seen of the order with his name. From your post James I would infer that the Order of the Crown is a Rechad invention, but nevertook solid form, and all he was able to do was "convert" an earlier verison of the Order of Glory into one bearing his name with a view to deceive. The Order of Independence also uses the format of the Order of Glory, replacing the Bey's name with "Independence" on a red background, and the ribbon changing from green with red stripes to red with white stripes. Again thank you James for your valuable contribution to this thread. Kind regards, Owain

Lorenzo, On looking again at this star the base of the star is a cast of a Rafidain breast star and thus it would, I think, be safe to assume it is of Iraqi manufacture. Regards, Owain

Dear 922F Many thanks for this - all additional information is most welcome. From my understanding Muhammad Al Amine abdicated without issue eligible to succeed him, and thus Husayn En Nasr who did succeed was the third son of Bey Muhammad En Nasser (Bey 1906-22). His son Rechad's mother was a Hungarian, Margit Arpad, who upon conversion to Isalm took the name Farah. Husayn did have sons from his first marriage and the correct claimant should descend from these sons, however I digress as this is not the focus of this research. It may well be that Burke's 1980 book which notes the institution of the Order of the Crown may have got the information from the same source that Col. Guyadier. Kind regards, Owain P.S. It would appear that the title claimed by Rechad was, "King of the Tunisians, and Algeria, Sultan of Mascara, of Titteri, of Constantine and Oran, Emir al-Moumenin (Commander of the Faithful)".

Megan, Thanks for this additional detail. According to my source Muhammad Al Amine's title upon his accession in 1943 was "Bey and Possessor of the Kingdom of Tunis" (this title was of long standing and dated back to Husayn Bin Ali 1705-1735), and upon Tunisia gaining independence in 1956 it became a Kingdom, however the title change from Bey to King would only take effect upon the death or abdication of Muhammad Al Amine, and thus it was his successor Husayn En Nasr who assumed, for a day, the title King of the Tunisians. Independence from France was proclaimed 20 March and the Republic proclaimed on 25 July, thus the institution of the new order must date from this period. Somewhere I am sure there must be a decree.........I wonder if Arthus Bertrand were contacted to produce designs? Regards, Owain

Gentlemen, I recenty obtained a copy of Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II, Africa & the Middle East - published in 1980. In the chapter on Tunisia under the reference to Bey Muhammmad Al Amine (Lamine) Bin Muhammad Al Habib 1943-1957, who abdicated 24 July 1957 it notes that he "founded the Order of the Crown of Tunisia (never awarded)". He was succeeded by Husayn En Nasr who assumed the title of King of the Tunisians and who abdicated the following day, 25 July, due to ill health in favour of his young son Rechad Al Mahdi (b.1947) who was crowned 23 August and left Tunisia without having abdicated on 12 October 1957. President Bourgiba had proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy on 25 July 1957. I write to enquire if any member has seen any other references to this Order of the Crown? Kind regards, Owain

Gentlemen, I attach an image of the medal - with disc reversed. Regards, Owain

Gentlemen, I attach an image of the group - poorly mounted and in the incorrect order. Regards, Owain

Dear Mervyn, Many thanks for this interesting observation - I am encouraged, if cost effective, to follow up Brett's suggestion of obtaining service details from Pretoria. Regards, Owain

Dear Archer, Many thanks for the information. Brett, The medal has not been cleaned for many years and has a dark patina and is in good condition - I wonder where it has been? If it can get "home" to a nephew it would be a good result. I'll keep you and GMIC posted. Thank you for your assistance which is much appreciated . Regards, Owain

Dear Brett, Thank you for this information. The medal is outside the scope of my collection - Arabia and Ethiopia, and thus if it is something that should be back with the family then I would be happy to facilitate this. Currently the medal is in UK and I will not have access to it again until late August / early September. Perhaps you would be kind enough to explore this possibility with your contact. What a round about saga. I search auctions on line in Riyadh, find a lot in Cape Town, successfully bid, the medals get sent to UK and the story reverts back to Kenya and Natal..... Regards and thanks, Owain

Dear Brett, Many thanks for you prompt response - nice to know that it is indeed a South African medal group. For the time being I will bide my time as the medals are in UK and I am back in Riyadh until late August / early September. With kind regards, Owain

Gentlemen, In a recent auction I obtained in addition to other medals, a WW2 group : 1939/45 Star Africa Star Italy Star Defence Medal War Medal Africa Service Medal All medals are impressed with the details of the receipient are as follows: 578417 L.G.SMITH I would be grateful if any member could advise whether it is possible to identify the unit and designation of the receipient. It may be of relevance that the group was obtained in South Africa. This is not my field of expertise and it may well be that this group can find a new home. Thank you in advance, Kind regards, Owain (OAMOTME)

Gentlemen, In a recent auction I obtained in addition to other medals a lone AGS with the clasp "Kenya". The details of the receipient are as follows: E.862 1/P. ( R ) E. RUNDGREN I would be grateful if any member could identify the unit and designation of the receipient. It may be of relevance that the medal was obtained in South Africa. Thank you in advance, Kind regards, Owain (OAMOTME)

Greetings from a dusty Riyadh - apologies for the delay in getting back - been in the midst of hosting a St.David's Day dinner with choir of nine flown in herer from North Wales! Anyway with regard to the above six badges - the top half in all instances reads "Nation Honour Loyalty (or Devotion)" and the lower halves read left to right: Communications (Signals) College Training College Maritime (Naval) College Republican Guard Civil Artillery College Technical Affairs I hope this assists. Kind regards, Owain

Good evening from a 12C Riyadh - almost winter! Left Top "Nation Honour Devotion" (I think grammatically the word is devotion although in this context it may be interpreted as loyalty) Bottom "Military Driving (?) School" Right Top " Nation Honour Devotion" Bottom "Engineers or Engineering" Regards, Owain

Good morning from Riyadh, Top line - Naval Forces Bottom Line - Martyrdom is the Road to Victory Regards, Owain

Good morning from Riyadh, I think the bottom line of the label reads "Shami Bazar Jalalabad" - not 100% sure though - Ed, would you concur? Regards, Owain.

Gentlemen, I detail below the text of an article I drafted on this group and which was published recently, in amodified form, by the OMRS Miniature Branch Journal Kind regards, Owain. Royal Iraqi Service Earlier this year a fellow collector, knowing of my interest in Arab awards, referred me to a lot on sales at the Essex auction house Sworders. In due course I was able to purchase the medals and the accompanying miniatures and with some perseverance an interesting tale emerged. The group in question belonged to the late Dr. Dixon Firth, sometime Medical Officer with the Royal Iraqi Household in Baghdad, after the Second World War, and consisted of: • UK Defence Medal 1939-45. • UK War Medal 1939-45. • Iraq Order of the Rafidain, Civil Division, probably 4th Class. • Iraq Active Service Medal. • Iraq Faisal Coronation Medal. Also with the group was a table medal, one of a series issued during the early years of King Faisal II reign commemorating various civil works – in this instance one of the dams on the Euphrates – Tigris waterways. In addition to the medals there were a number of accompanying lots: A gold telescopic action propelling pencil, with a square section body, with ruler markings from 0-6 inch, tested as approximately 14ct gold. Est : £120.00 - £180.0000 – Hammer - £280 A cased rolled gold Elgin open faced pocket watch, with a cream dial, gilt Arabic numerals and hands with subsidiary seconds dial. Case marked 'Keystone No. 51748, Movement No. 36762605'. Hand engraved to the back case with a crown, facsimile signature and date. Suspended on a gold fancy bar link watch chain with a bolt ring clasp, replacement rolled gold swivel clasp broken, chain tested as approximately 14ct gold. This watch was presented to the vendor in London 1959 by Col. Salman Dargazelli 'on behalf of the Free Iraqi Officers'. It had been presented to him in 1941 by the Regent of Iraq in recognition of his loyalty in the Rashid Ali revolt. Col. Dargazelli returned to Baghdad under promise of safety, but was shot dead by Saddam Hussein in person. Est : £100.00 - £200.00 00 – Hammer - £310 A high carat gold rectangular cigarette case, c.1950, the round cornered, rectangular hinged case approximately 131 x 86mm, decorated with a niello portrait of H.R.H. Abdullah, Regent and Crown Prince of Iraq, in officer's uniform to the front cover, and Iraqi royal coat of arms to the back case, tested as approximately 22ct gold. This case was made by the court jewellers, Sigal, with the niello work carried out by local Amara craftsmen, and presented to the vendor by HRH Abdullah, Regent and Crown Prince of Iraq, for Christmas 1950/1 saying 'I have had my picture put on it so that you will never forget me.' Est : £6000.00 - £7000.00 00 – Unsold A high carat gold gentleman's signet ring, with a niello enamel portrait of King Ghazi I to the oval head, to tapered gadrooned shoulders. Tested as approximately 22ct gold. Finger size approximately P-Q. Est : £280.00 - £350.00 00 – Bid £450 – Hammer - £700 .A pair of cased gold cufflinks, each with a row of claw set sapphires to the centre, to a textured ground, with swivel fittings, hinged fitted case by Joaillerie Nagil Tabbah Beyrouth (2) Est : £130.00 - £180.00 00 – Bid £225 – Hammer - £350 With the exception of the cigarette case I placed bids on all lots and was successful in obtaining aforementioned medals and the pocket watch. Sometime after the auction I was contacted by the auction house advising me that the family had found the breast star to go with the medal group. Thus it appeared Dr. Firth was not awarded a 4th class of the Order of the Rafidain, as I had assumed, but the 2nd Class of the Order .After some negotiation I was able to purchase the star. Having obtained the medals my next step was to try and obtain additional information concerning Dr. Firth and after contacting the auction house who kindly passed on my request to the vendors I was advised as follows: "My uncle, who went to school at Malvern College, trained at St George’s Hospital in London (Hyde Park Corner) and was awarded the Hunter Medal (which we still have). During the war he was posted to Egypt and we think he was attached to the Inns of Court Regiment. He was sent home to recover from a serious illness.. On his return he was posted to the British Military Hospital in Baghdad and lived in a house formerly rented by Agatha Christie. He was a Major in the RAMC and worked under Sir Harry Sinderson who was Physician to the Iraqi Royal Household. When he returned home he set up as a private family doctor in Mayfair and maintained his Iraqi connections through the Iraqi Embassy. He was Faisal's guardian while the future King was at Harrow School. After the assassinations he cut all his ties with the Iraqi Embassy but kept his relations with the royalist army officers who remained in London." Soon after receipt of this information I received a couple of scans of photographs Dr. Firth at a reception - probably in London (possibly the Iraqi Embassy) some time, I think in the early to mid 1950's, after the accession and coronation of King Faisal II and before the 1958 overthrow of the monarchy. It is possible that the photograph of was taken at a reception during the State Visit of King Faisal to the United Kingdom in July 1956.The miniatures are clearly visible and thus provide decent provenance for them. (The other senior officer pictured may be either a General H.C. Smith. or Dr. Firth's Commanding Officer at the BMM a General J.M.L. Renton.) As I am resident in Riyadh and although the purchase was initially made in April it was not until my UK leave in September that I was able to collect the group of medals. Upon reviewing the awards I was pleased to note that the Rafidain breast star came its presentation case by Garrard of London and was accompanied by a handwritten note by Dr. Firth stating, "Order of Rafidain 2nd Class given to me by the Regent 1951. 1st Class of 5 classes is awarded to Royal Family only. Its medal (middle on pin) should have a crown attached (see miniatures) but it came off. The green + white is the Iraqi equivalent of our MC + awarded following military operations in Kurdistan 1946/7." This text whilst not wholly accurate – the green and white ribbon suspends the Active Service Medal which is not a bravery award - is essential as it confirms that Dr. Firth was indeed awarded the 2nd class of the Rafidain in person by the Regent Abdulillah in 1951 and the Active Service Medal in 1947. Whether these are noted in the London Gazette is to be confirmed but I suspect not as the Order appears to have been a personal bestowal by the Regent as opposed to an Iraqi Government award and the ASM a "routine" award. To date the only entry I have been able to trace in the London Gazette for Dr. Firth relates to appointment to the rank of Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps with effect from 5 December 1940 – his service number was 159539. After the end of the Second World War Dr. Firth was appointed medical adviser to the British Military Mission in Iraq and in 1947 succeed Sir Harry C. Sinderson Pasha, KBE, CMG, MVO, MD, FRCP as physician to the Royal Household. In Sinderson’s 1973 autobiography - he refers, on page 261 to, "Dr. Raymond Dixon Firth, medical adviser to the British Military Mission was to succeed me at the palace". It would appear that Dr. Firth left Iraq in 1948. Dr. R.D. Firth was born on 12 February 1916 in Beverley, Yorkshire and died on 18 September 2005 in Hull Royal Infirmary. He lived in Hessle near Hull in Yorkshire. Once when Abdulillah “was leaving London after some medical treatment, for tonsillitis, and his doctor, Raymond Dixon Firth, tried to persuade him to delay a little longer, he added after gibing his reason for a speedy return some political trouble: ‘ Ah, well – I suppose they’ll get me in the end’.” These were indeed prophetic words and the bloody revolution of 14 of July included the deaths of the young King Faisal II, Abdulillah and the Prime Minister Nuri Said Later that month Dr. Firth and Colonel Gerald de Gaury were instrumental in the arrangement of a memorial service held on 30 July at the Chapel Royal Savoy – the Chapel of the Royal Victorian Order as all three had been honorary Knights Grand Cross of the order. The terms of award for the War and Defence Medals are well known but I detail below information concerning the Iraqi awards: • Order of Al Rafidain The Iraqi Government Gazette. No. 15 of 9 April 1927, published the law relating to the institution of the Kingdom of Iraq’s’s first Order, that of Al Rafidain, or the Order of the Two Rivers, so named after the two rivers of the Kingdom – the Euphrates and Tigris. Instituted in two divisions, civil and military, and of five classes, the regulations for the order were published in June 1928 and order was instituted to reward service to the nation. The award of the first class or promotion thereto was limited to those performing prominent service or who had held or held high office. The design of the badge consists of a seven pointed star, bearing in the centre a gilt crown on a blue background surrounded by a white circle with, uppermost, the inscription “The Kingdom of Iraq” and below “Justice is the Foundation of the State”. Originally the military division was to be differentiated with the lower inscription reading “Patriotism is of the Faith” however it appears that this differentiation was never implemented and the military division inscription became applicable to both divisions. The inscription “Justice is the Foundation of the State” is found on the reverse of the badge above the Hijra date “1345” and encircles the inscription “Faisal The First”. The military division badge is marked by a pair of crossed swords in the laurel wreath suspension of the badge. The ribbon of the order is dark red with two black stripes inset from each edge and the military division bears a further central black stripe. Each class is awarded as follows: 1. 1st Class Sash (over right shoulder), badge, and breast star worn on the right breast. The Order in this grade was initially limited to 50 later modified to 60 persons, with a fee of Rupees 120. 2. 2nd Class Gilt breast badge with or without rosette on ribbon and breast star, with star worn on the right breast. The Order in this grade was initially limited to 100 later increased to 200 persons, with a fee of Rupees 80. 3. 3rd Class Neck badge. The Order in this grade was initially limited to 150 later increased to 300 persons, with a fee of Rupees 60. 4. 4th Class Breast badge in gilt with rosette or crown on ribbon. The Order in this grade was initially limited to 200 persons with a fee of Rupees 40 but subsequently awards were unlimited in number. 5. 5th Class Breast badge in silver. Awards of this class were unlimited and the award incurred a fee of Rupees 15. Whilst awards to non-Iraqi nationals were not constrained by the aforementioned numbers such awards were not to exceed a quarter of the numbers specified. • The Active Service Medal This medal, along with the Iraqi Gallantry Medal, was instituted by the “Law for the Creation of Gallantry and Active Service Medals, 1926” and published in the eleventh issue of the Iraqi Government Gazette of 15 May, 1926: Although referred to in the title of the Regulations as the General Service Medal, the inscription on the medal and all subsequent references to it in the Iraqi Government Gazette refer to it as the Active Service Medal. The medal consists of a bronze discwith a crescent at the bottom part and above it circular wreath open at the top. The disc is fixed upon two crossed rifles with their muzzles appearing at the top and their butts at the bottom of the disc. Between the muzzles a radiation of nine lance points. In the centre of the obverse the inscription “General Service” and on the obverse “Faisal The First” and the Hijrah date of institution. The ribbon consists of a central white band and the two side quarters of green. In the initial regulations it was stated that subsequent awards were to be noted by the grant of silver clasps, noting the name and date of the campaign and to be fixed to the ribbon. In fact five bronze clasps are known and it would appear that these were issued loose as the design of the medal’s suspension bar did not easily accommodate such clasps. Such clasps as issued to the British Royal Air Force were affixed to the medal and are believed to have been attached locally. The qualifying periods for the award of this medal were all detailed in the IGG. Whilst initially the medal was issued without clasps for various operations, from 1930 to 1936, five distinct clasps were issued - Southern Kurdistan 1930-31; Barzan 1932; Tiareen Operations 1933; Euphrates Operations 1935; and Euphrates Operations 1936. Miniatures of this medal exist, in varying sizes, and are usually seen with groups reflecting pre- Second World War service in Iraq. As far as I am aware the only clasp in miniature seen is “Southern Kurdistan 1930-31”. • 1953 Coronation Medal This was instituted by Regulation No. 11 of 1953 and known as “The Faisal II Medal” marks the occasion of the coronation of King Faisal on 2nd of May 1953. The silver medal, 32mm. in diameter bears on the obverse the head of King Faisal II in profile, and the reverse bears an Iraqi crown resting on a monogram of the two Arabic letters for “F” for Faisal and below which is the inscription “Crowned Year 1372 H 1953M”. The ribbon, consists of a central crimson band, with three narrow edge stripes coloured respectively white, green and white. Whilst the original issue was manufactured by the British Royal Mint a subsequent issue of bronze, with slightly different dimensions, was authorised and this was made by Huguenin of Switzerland. Miniatures of both British and Swiss manufacture exist but the Swiss version appears to be more commonplace. Finally it is interesting to note that the Revolutionary Command Council of Iraq in Law No. 95 of 1982 conducted a full review of the orders, decorations and medals of Iraq and Article 32 notes the “recipients of the following decorations and medals shall continue to wear the same after the enforcement of this law – General Service Medal, May 1941 Campaign Medal, 1948 Palestine War Medal, etc.” Accordingly along with the exception of the Order of the Two Rivers, the I.A.S.M. was the only medal, albeit modified in design, which made the transition from monarchy to republic. All in all I was delighted to have progressed thus far with my limited research and having exhausted my supply of information from the vendor and considered that any further information would l have to be gleaned from alternative sources such as the London Gazette or Public Record Office. Bibliography • Birdwood, Lord, Nuri as-Said, Cassell, 1959. • De Gaury, Gerald, Three Kings in Baghdad, Hutchinson, 1951. • London Gazette, Supplement to the, 3 February,1941, Page 665. • Raw-Rees, Owain, Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America, Vol.48. Issue No.8 of 1997, “The King Faisal Coronation Medal”. • Raw-Rees, Owain, Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America, Vol.57. Issue No.1 of 2006, “The Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Kingdom of Iraq”. • Raw-Rees, Owain, OMRS Journal Vol.47. Issue No.2 of 2008, “Barzan 1933 - The Iraq Active Service Medal and the Clasp That Never Was”. • Sinderson, Sir Harry C., Ten Thousand & One Nights, Hodder & Stoughton, 1973. • Sworders Fine Arts Auctioneers, Country House Sale, 19 April 2011, Lots 686 & 487-491. • Correspondence with John G Black BA (Hons) Associate, Sworders Fine Arts Auctioneers. Owain Raw-Rees, Riyadh, October, 2011.