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  Difference between different bulgarian soldiers crosess emission 1880-1913, Bulgaria

  By Graf · Posted 11 minutes ago

  Very interesting  I agree Well done
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  Egypt Khedivate Judge's Badge question

  By Rusty Greaves · Posted 1 hour ago

  Enzo posted the above photo of his gold and silver District Mixed Courts badge, made by Froment-Meurice, as the 3rd image of his post of 25 May, 2021 on this thread: He posted one image of the obverse and 2 photos of the reverse. The 3rd photo in Enzo's post (shown above) has the initials “JH” engraved (casually) in the superior central portion of the badge. I responded to this post on 25 May 2021 with some information about the only 4 judges in District Courts with the initials “JH” that I could find in the 50th anniversary volume Les Juridictions Mixtes d'Égypte 1876-1926: Livre d'or Édité sous le Patronage du Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats á l’Occasion du Cinquantenaire des Tribunaux de la Réforme, par le: journal des Tribunaux Mixtes. Alexandrie, Egypte, Février 1926. I also checked whether any Appeals Court judges might have had those initials. I did not uncover anyone on that Court listed in the 50th anniversary volume that covers the initiation of the Mixed Courts until 1926 when the volume was published. Although the Les Juridictions Mixtes d'Égypte 1876-1926 volume only lists Court staff thorough February 1926, this is not such a handicap for researching potential owners of Froment Meurice-made badges. While some badges may have been returned (where?) after a few judges retired, it seems that many judges (and probably other Mixed Court staff who wore silver badges) kept their badges. As Émile Froment-Meurice retired in 1907 and died in 1913, presumably fewer badges from Maison Froment-Meurice would have been available after that date. I have not found any evidence that his successor, Georges Auger, continued to make any Mixed Courts badges after he purchased the atelier in 1907 and moved it from 372 rue San Honoré, Paris to 54 rue Etienne Marcel (see my post on this thread of15 August, 2019). As noted in that 15 August 2019 post, after purchasing the Froment-Meurice atelier in 1907, Auger-made pieces were marked Auger-Froment Meurice, a name that is not present on any Mixed Courts badges or cases that I have been ablel to see online. The Froment-Meurice badges were directly available 1875-1907, and possibly until his death in 1913. These badges are most likely represented more among judges from those years than after Froment-Meurice’s retirement and death. Other manufacturer’s, especially Rudolfe Stobbe (Alexandria), Wolf Horovitz (Alexandria), Zivy Frères & Cie. (Alexandria), provided badges to judges and Mixed Courts staff. My research has identified two cast versions (presumably less expensive) that were made by D. Ialanos, A. de Leo, and A, Kassandrinos of Alexandria. (see my post of 3 February, 2022 on this thread). A business card for another jeweller, F.lli F. & V. Rusciano, has the motto “Experts près les Tribunaux Mixte” (experst at [to] the Mixed Courts), although I have not yet identified any badges made by this atelier in Cairo. Additionally, there are 4 manufacturers whose badges I have seen online, but cannot be matched to the other known makers.    My 25 May, 2021 post lists the four District Court judges with the initials “JH” and gives a précis of their careers on the Mixed Courts. I have recently found photos of 2 of these judges, and a small amount of additional information on 3 of them, so I wanted to reprise the information about the potential original owners of Enzo’s badge. Below I include the additional photos and information I have found about these four judges. I do not have a prejudice about which of these four Judges may be the original owner of the "JH" badge. I do feel, given the completeness of the 50th anniversary volume's listing from 1875-1926 and the probability that Froment-Meurice badges were most available before 1926, that these four judges are the best candidates to have worn Enzo's badge.      Just Johan Holten (24 May, 1831-1 February, 1916): Above is an undated photo of Judge Just Johan Holten of Denmark (24 May, 1831-1 February, 1916) in his Mixed District Courts regalia. It is from the studio Béchard. His name is sometimes spelled Juste-Jean, but more often appears as Just Johan Holten (including his posthumous autobiography: Holten, Just Johan, 1923, I Dansk og Ægyptsk Statstjeneste [“In Danish and Egyptian Civil Service”], compiled, edited, and published by Carl Dumreicher, M. P. Madens Boghandel, København, and a short biographical work by his son: Holten, Knud, 1916, Just Johan Holten. J.H. Schultz, Copenhagen). This photo is from the Émile Béchard studio that operated in Cairo 1869-1880 before moving back to France and operating in Hyères and Marseille from 1881-1897. This cabinet card portrait is curated in the image collection of the Royal Danish Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek): http://www5.kb.dk/images/billed/2010/okt/billeder/object460032/da/. The ID for this photo is: DP016037.tif and the Shelf Number (call number) for this is: Image Collection. Danish Portrait, 8°, Holten, Just Johan (1831-1916), in Danish: Billedsamlingen. Danske portrætter, 8°, Holten, Just Johan (1831-1916). This photo may be protected by a copyright, although the source states that is unlikely.    Judge Holten was the Former Minister of Foreign Affairs in Denmark prior to being nominated to the Egyptian Mixed Courts. He was initially named to Ismailia on 15 April, 1876 and was transferred to the District Court of Cairo on 27 January, 1878. Holten was transferred to the Court in Mansourah on 12 June, 1878, and then to the District Court in Alexandria on 3 January, 1882. He was called back to service for the Danish government on 1 July, 1883.    Holten’s short tenure on the Mixed Courts was during the period when Froment-Meurice Court badges were being made and would have been readily available. (1875-1913). In the above portrait, his neck badge appears to be the Ottoman Order of Medjidie, either the 2nd Class Grand Officer or the 3rd Class Commander. The medal closest to the center of his chest is the Order of Dannebrog, there appears to be no rosette on the ribbon indicating the Knight Class (not the 1st Class Knight). He received this award in 1869. I do not know what the 2nd medal is. The 3rd medal on Holten’s chest might be the silver cross of the Decoration of the Cross of Honor of Dannebrog, but the edge view makes it impossible to be certain. Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108748423) identifies that Holten was awarded the Decoration of the Cross of Honor of Dannebrog in 1898, citing Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 3rd edition. The 4th chest badge looks like the Kingdom of Italy Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. I do not see a crown suspension element (which would indicate the Knight Officer Class), so I suspect it is the Knight (5th Class?). I have found very little biographical information about the honors awarded to Holten.      Above is an in an undated photo of the Mixed District Court of Mansourah (“Judges in Mansourah”). This is a plate in the Holten posthumous autobiography (Holten, Just Johan, 1923, I Dansk og Ægyptsk Statstjeneste [“In Danish and Egyptian Civil Service”]. Published by Carl Dumreicher, M. P. Madens Boghandel, København), between pp. 256-257. Although not identified in the text or caption, Just Johan Holten appears to be seated in the front row 2nd from the viewer’s left. Holten served on this Court between June 1878 - June 1883. However, the 1923 publication date of this plate and lack of photo identification of subjects makes the identification of Holten uncertain. The judge in the front row 3rd from the viewer’s right resembles Somerville Pinkney Tuck with his great mustaches (see the 1st photo of him in my post on this thread of 30 October, 2024). However, Tuck did not overlap with Holten on their service to the Courts. Tuck served on his first appointment to the Mansourah Court in May 1894-November 1897, then served on the Cairo Court, and finally was legal advisor to the Appeals Court from 1908 until his retirement in 1920. However, the date of the above photo of the Court of Mansourah is currently unknown. It is still most likely that a photo of the Court of Mansourah with Judge Holten would have been selected for his posthumous autobiography, if one was available.      The above cabinet card portrait of Just Johan Holten by Petersen & Søn studio in Copenhagen also comes from The Royal Library, Copenhagen (http://www5.kb.dk/images/billed/2010/okt/billeder/object460033/en/): ID: DPO16038.tif, Shelf mark: Billedsamlingen. Danske portrætter, 8°, Holten, Just Johan (1831-1916). Another version of this image that has been cropped to exclude the matting is on PICRYL website of public domain collections (https://picryl.com/media/just-johan-holten-by-j-petersen-and-son-72ecbb). The atelier was run by Jens Petersen (1829-1905) and Charles Bendix Petersen (1860-1927) in Copenhagen. PICRYL bracketed dates for the photo are between 1880-1905, without explanation. Holten may appear slightly younger in the above image than the portrait of him in his posthumous autobiography (before pg. 1) that is dated to 1912, but there is little visible difference other than possibly less hair on his frontal regional. The Petersen & Søn atelier was run by Jens Petersen (1829-1905) and Charles Bendix Petersen (1860-1927) in Copenhagen. The center-most of chest mini is probably the Order of Dannebrog. The other mini is likely the Decoration of the Cross of Honor of Dannebrog. This photo is free of any copyright.   Jules Firmin Gabriel Herbout (6 March, 1831-19 January, 1930): French judge (name sometimes identified as “Fermin Jules Gabriel Herbout). I have not found any photos of Jules Firmin Gabriel Herbout.    Judge Herbout was the Former President of the Tribunal of Argentina (Orne). He was named to the Cairo Courts on 27 April, 1876. He was called back to service for his government on 27 September, 1883. Subsequently he served on the Tribunal of the Seine. Some census documents I have seen identify him as a judge on Tribunal de La Seine in 1896. Later censuses (1901 & 1911) identify him as an honorary judge by thiose dates). Judge Herbout also was a judge early enough in the Courts’ existence to have had ready access to a Froment-Meurice-made badge.    Information from the genealogy website Geneanet identified that Jules Firmin Gabriel Herbout was awarded the Knight Class of the French légion d'honneur in May, 1877. He was. Made an officer of the légion d'honneur in a decree of 18 July, 1923 (https://gw.geneanet.org/pneuvise?n=herbout&oc=&p=jules+firmin+gabriel&_gl=1*xa2pbi*_gcl_au*OTI4ODA3MzEuMTczMDMzMDY2Mw..*_ga*MTcxMTkzMjYxOC4xNzMwMzMwNjY3*_ga_LMK6K2LSJH*ZmU0M2VjZWYtNGQ4Zi00NzJhLWEwMDEtNzhlZjA4MTRmODYzLjExLjEuMTczMDgyNTM0Ny4wLjAuMA).    Jacques Adalbert Haakman (1837-1895) His name is often written as Jacques Adelbert Haakman and also commonly latinized to Jacobus Adelbertus Haakman, especially for his book publication. I have not found any photos of Judge Haakman. An incident over a Court conflict with Khedive Ismail resulted in the dismissal of Judge Haakman after only serving less than 18 months on the Court.    Jacques Adelbert Haakman was a former Substitute for the Prosecutor for the King in Harlem (northern Holland). Named to the District Court of Alexandria 24 June, 1875, dismissed from the Courts by a decision of the General Assembly of the Mixed Court of Appeals on 13 November, 1876. As with the other candidates listed here who might have been the original owner of Enzo’s Mixed Courts badge, Haaakman’s brief and contentious tenure on the Courts was at a time when Froment-Meurice badges would have been readily available.   Haakman became embroiled in a very difficult episode in the early years of the Court. The Mixed Courts rendered several opinions on debts that Khedive Ismail had accrued against several estates. The Courts did not recognize a Khedival decree prolonging the periods before repayment, and Ismail did not meet the established repayment schedule. This put the Courts in a very delicate position. Several Egyptian judges withdrew from the hearing feeling that ignoring a Khediuval decree amounted to insurrection against their government. The majority of the Court continued to render judgments against the Khedive and sought diplomatic assistance supporting the establishment of firm schedules for executing judgements and to support the Mixed Courts even in suits against the Egyptian Government. The Courts prevailed, and this episode contributed to the forced abdication and banishment of Khedive Ismail. Judge Haakman took a particularly extreme position about this, causing a difficult, complex, and embarrassing crisis. Haakman tried to challenge his own competency through a convoluted argument that if the law could not be applied equally to all, including the Khedive, then de facto the Courts could no longer operate justly. The Court rejected his argument, and in protest he postponed all meeting, duties and cases. Haakman's justification was that if law was not being executed according to judgements, then the suspension of all judicial proceedings was necessary. In response, The Appeals Court called him before a General Assembly in October 1876 accused of having refused to render justice and abrogated his other judicial duties and those assigned as alternatives after his initials complaints. Haakman claimed all the judges were disqualified from from rendering an impartial judgement on him and so did not appear for the hearing. He was summarily dismissed from the Mixed Courts.    Jasper Yeates Brinton writes briefly about this unfortunate episode at the courts in his important 1930 volume The Mixed Courts of Egypt, Yale University Press, New Haven (pp. 46-50). Brinton, in his usual diplomatic tone, wrote that Haakman was a Calvinist with an unbending spirit (pg. 49). A Dutch journalist, Gerard Termorshuizen writes that Haakman was notorious for his "irritating egocentrism, delusional self-righteousness, uncollegial behavior and not too much forgotten his ruthless colonial mentality" (Reactionairen en realisten. Een geschiedenis van de Indisch-Nederlandse pers 1905-1942. Amsterdam-Leiden, 2011).        Julius Cornelis Theodorus Heyligers (27 December,1850- 25 January, 1920): The above portrait photo comes from the online version of Onze Hoogleeraren: Portetten en Biografieën (1898) Our Professors: Portraits and Biographies), Nijgh & Van Ditmar, Rotterdam, pg. 340 (https://www.dbnl.org/arch/_onz003onze01_01/pag/_onz003onze01_01.pdf). The record is available on the  Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (DBNL). The Digital Library for Dutch Literature (DBNL) is a digital collection of texts from Dutch literature, linguistics and cultural history, from the earliest times to the present. This image, and the other two below of Julius Cornelis Theodorus Heyligers, also are archived on the PICRYL website (https://garystockbridge617.getarchive.net/amp/topics/julius+cornelis+theodorus+heyligers) and on Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Julius+Cornelis+Theodorus+Heyligers&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image). Note the striped rosette in Heyligers' left lapel. Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89343648) identifies him as having received the Knight Class Order of the Netherlands Lion (blue and gold ribbon) at an unspecified date and the Knight Class Order of Christ (Portugal?, that ribbon is solid red) on 28 October, 1889.    Julius Cornelis Theodorus Heyligers was a former professor at the Indische Instelling in Delft (college for colonial administration in Delft, Netherlands) from 1893-1901. He was named to the Court in Mansourah in March 1901, transferred to Cairo in May 1904, and died in Cairo January 1920. Although he came later to Egypt than the other 3 District Court judges outlined here, he still was a District Court judge at the time when Froment-Meurice-made badges could still be obtained new. Heyligers is shown in the last photo of my post of 18 April, 2019 on this thread, standing in the 2nd row furthest to the viewer's R (and as the 4th photo in my recent post above of 22 November, 2024 about Carl Valdemar Kraft). Jasper Yeates Brinton, an American jurist on the Appeals Court, refers to him as "Judge Th. Heyligers" in several places in his important 1930 book: The Mixed Courts of Egypt. He also was referred to as Prof. Mr. J. C Th. Heyligers, or just J. C. Th. Heyligers.      The above cabinet card of Julius Cornelis Theodorus Heyligers is archived in the Stadsarchief Delft in the Netherlands (SAD inv.nr. 80019), in the Image and Sound section with an estimated date of c1900. The image also is available on PICRYL at https://garystockbridge617.getarchive.net/amp/media/sad-invnr-80019-c46d87 and on Wikimedia at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SAD_inv.nr._80019.jpg. Note that Heyligers is still wearing the striped rosette in his left lapel.      The above studio portrait of Julius Cornelis Theodorus Heyligers also is archived in the Stadsarchief Delft (SAD inv.nr. 90912). As noted, the image also is available on PICRYL and Wikimedia Commons. There appears to be a date of "04 or "08 written to the right of the photographer's name. Again, Heyligers wears a rosette (striped?) in his left lapel. The two previous portraits of Heyligers probably date to his tenure at the Indische Instelling in Delft from 1893-1901. This is the only portrait I have found that likely dates to his term on the Mixed Courts, other than his inclusion in the group portrait of the Cairo District Court noted above. There is a possible date "04 or "08 that is written to the right of the photographer's name on the lower right of the mat ("W. H. Jazerda"?). Heyligers wrote a full report of the incident that resulted in the dismissal of Haakman which was published posthumously (Une episode des Premiers Temps de la réforme judidiciareen Egypte. Pamphlet privately printed, Paris 1926).         
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  Deutscher Siedlerbund (DSB)

  By Scowen · Posted 2 hours ago

  That's a good question Joe.... I'd neve noticed it.... 🙄
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  UMALATOVA MEDALS

  By ChrisKelly · Posted 2 hours ago

  I don't know that there's a comprehensive list of all or most of the Umalatova medals anywhere.   One interesting article, and a more recent photograph.   https://ypt.life/umalatova-awards/  
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  Deutscher Siedlerbund (DSB)

  By --dj--Joe · Posted 5 hours ago

  Thank you Don for looking.  We will probably never know but I wonder why they decided to drape some wing tips over the green background on one side?   --dj--Joe